海门市城区二氧化氮污染物浓度呈上升趋势的调查与分析

通过调查海门市城区所有NOX和NO2排放源,从排放情况和NO2月浓度变化情况分析,得出了海门市城区NO2污染物浓度呈上升趋势的结果。     

旋流气浮工艺接触区气泡-颗粒碰撞理论研究

为了对旋流气浮过程中的动力学行为和气浮分离效率进行准确预测,在借鉴重力场下气泡-颗粒碰撞模型建立方法的基础上,考虑旋流气浮的特点,首次将表征流态的雷诺数引入到各种碰撞过程中,推导建立了旋流气浮接触区的气泡-颗粒碰撞效率模型.理论模型显示:低强度旋流气浮工艺中气泡-颗粒的各种碰撞效应主要与雷诺数、气泡和颗粒直径有关.当颗粒直径接近于分子直径时,即直径为1nm时,碰撞主要受扩散碰撞所控制;当颗粒在1~10nm之间时,碰撞主要受扩散碰撞和离心沉降效应的共同作用所控制;当颗粒在10nm~1μm时,碰撞主要受离心沉降效应所控制;当颗粒大于1μm时,碰撞将受截留效应、离心沉降效应和惯性效应联合作用.该模型能够准确预测旋流气浮过程中的动力学行为和分离效率,为旋流气浮工艺的实际应用提供一定的理论依据.     

气泡尺寸对曝气池内气液两相流数值模拟的影响

为探索在曝气池气液两相流数值模拟中气泡尺寸对两相流流动特性的影响,采用大涡模拟和欧拉－拉格朗日方法建立了曝气池两相流数学模型.基于模型实验得到的工程上常用的微孔曝气盘的气泡尺寸分布,在数值模拟中设定了3种气泡尺寸分布方案,比较了不同的气泡尺寸设定方案对计算曝气池内水流流速和气含率等参数的影响.结果表明,气泡尺寸对水流流场具有较大的影响,而对气含率分布的影响在大部分区域不明显,只在气含率峰值附近影响较显著;使用多组气泡尺寸的设定方案可以提高计算结果的准确性,采用单组气泡尺寸时应尽量使其接近平均气泡直径.     

超细颗粒在单个上升气泡内的沉积过程模拟

从单个上升气泡内外流场的完全Navier-Stokes方程数值解出发,用Lagrange轨道跟踪的方法研究了超细颗粒在单个上升气泡内的沉积过程,在气泡的流场中考虑了气泡运动中的变形．在超细颗粒的受力中考虑了粘性阻力和Bromnian运动扩散力．在常温下水．空气体系中,对气泡直径0.1～1mm,超细颗粒直径0.1～2μm的情况进行了数值模拟,并对数值模拟的结果进行了拟合,得出简便易用的经验公式。     

新旧微孔曝气器氧转移速率试验研究

以某污水处理厂运行4年多的旧盘式曝气器和同型号的新盘式曝气器为试验对象,对其氧转移速率进行了对比试验,结果表明新旧曝气盘氧转移速率均明显分为两个阶段,运行了4年的旧曝气盘微孔数量减少、微孔孔径增大、气泡数量减少、气泡尺寸增大,氧转移速率比新曝气盘降低了29.2%。因此,污水处理厂在日常运行管理中要做好曝气器的保养工作,及时清洗更换破损、堵塞的曝气器避免能耗浪费。     

回灌型填埋场渗滤液泡沫消除问题的研究

渗滤液水质水量变化大,有机物成分复杂,采用生化的方法泡沫问题难以解决,而单纯的物化方法成本又太昂贵,本实验采取回灌法,既最大化的应用了微生物消除了泡沫,又廉价的降低了COD;通过对准好氧填埋和厌氧填埋场渗滤液性质的比较,还得出厌氧填埋场的渗滤液可以缓解生化处理过程中产生的泡沫现象。     

冲孔废料回升的产生与防止三例

结合3个典型实例,对零件在冲孔时废料回升的现象进行了分析,讨论了采用不同厚度的材料、不同的孔形、不同的冲裁间隙所产生的不同情况,介绍了在生产现场解决问题的方法和防止废料回升的一般措施.根据对具体实例的分析,总结出了控制废料回升的要点.     

蜂窝陶瓷固定化细胞气升式内循环生物反应器的水力学特性

在鼓泡塔式 (BubbleColumns ,BC)和气升式循环 (AirliftLoop ,AL)生物反应器基础上 ,于内循环管中加装蜂窝陶瓷载体 ,开发出蜂窝陶瓷固定化细胞的气升式内循环生物反应器 (Internal Airlift Loop Bioreactor with Cells Immobilized onto Ceramic Honeycomb Support,IALBR-CICHS) .采用示踪技术通过测定反应器的水力停留时间分布来考察上述 3种反应器的有效工作体积和反应器内走旁路流体的比例 .实验和理论分析表明 ,IALBR-CICHS可大大提高反应器的有效工作体积 ,减少流体走旁路的比例 .     

Experimental investigation of bubbly flow and turbulence in hydraulic jumps

Many environmental problems are linked to multiphase flows encompassing ecological issues, chemical processes and mixing or diffusion, with applications in different engineering fields. The transition from a supercritical flow to a subcritical motion constitutes a hydraulic jump. This flow regime is characterised by strong interactions between turbulence, free surface and air–water mixing. Although a hydraulic jump contributes to some dissipation of the flow kinetic energy, it is also associated with increases of turbulent shear stresses and the development of turbulent eddies with implications in terms of scour, erosion and sediment transport. Despite a number of experimental, theoretical and numerical studies, there is a lack of knowledge concerning the physical mechanisms involved in the diffusion and air–water mixing processes within hydraulic jumps, as well as on the interaction between the free-surface and turbulence. New experimental investigations were undertaken in hydraulic jumps with Froude numbers up to Fr = 8.3. Two-phase flow measurements were performed with phase-detection conductivity probes. Basic results related to the distributions of void fraction, bubble frequency and mean bubble chord length are presented. New developments are discussed for the interfacial bubble velocities and their fluctuations, characterizing the turbulence level and integral time scales of turbulence representing a “lifetime” of the longitudinal bubbly flow structures. The analyses show good agreement with previous studies in terms of the vertical profiles of void fraction, bubble frequency and mean bubble chord length. The dimensionless distributions of interfacial velocities compared favourably with wall-jet equations. Measurements showed high turbulence levels. Turbulence time scales were found to be dependent on the distance downstream of the toe as well as on the distance to the bottom showing the importance of the lower (channel bed) and upper (free surface) boundary conditions on the turbulence structure.     

Physical conditions for trapping air by a microtrichia-covered insect cuticle during temporary submersion

The intertidal midge Clunio, which reproduces on exposed rocky seashores, becomes enclosed in an irregularly shaped air bubble during short submersion by incoming waves. This water-repellent property of Clunio’s cuticle is caused by a complete cover of hydrophobic microtrichia offering an effective surf tolerance. These microtrichia not only trap a thin air layer above the cuticle but also maintain a larger air bubble between the insect’s ventral side and legs. The effectiveness of the water repellence was quantitatively characterised on the basis of a known model (Crisp and Thorpe, Discuss Faraday Soc 3:210–220, 1948). The parameters of the model are the contact angle θ (>90°) at the contact line of air/water/microtrichia and the distance between individual microtrichia and their radius. When the microtrichia are 1.1 μm apart and have a radius of 0.1 μm and an estimated contact angle θ of 140°, the air layer is stable against hydrostatic pressures of up to 3 m water column. As shown by a modified version of the model, considerably larger air bubbles can be trapped by the microtrichia cover of the legs up to distances of 0.5 mm from the body. The widely spaced (about 8 μm apart) and longer setae of Clunio are not involved in the formation of air layers and air bubble.