氮肥施用对紫色土-玉米根系系统N2O排放的影响

通过不同施氮水平与不同氮肥品种2个田间试验,结合静态箱-气相色谱法研究了川中丘陵区2005年5～9月石灰性紫色土-玉米根系系统的N2O排放变化.结果表明:1)施用氮肥显著地增加了N2O排放,在3个施氮水平下(0、150和250 kg·hm-2),N2O排放总量分别为0.88、2.19和2.52 kg·hm-2;施氮量越高,N2O排放量也越高.当施氮量超过一定水平后,施肥量高低对N2O排放总量的影响并不显著.由氮肥施用引起的N2O排放量占施氮量的0.87%(150 kg·hm-2)和0.66%(250 kg·hm-2).2)氮肥品种显著影响N2O排放,尿素(酰胺态氮肥)和硫酸铵(铵态氮肥)处理的N2O排放量分别为2.09和1.80 kg·hm-2,显著高于硝酸钾(硝态氮肥)处理(1.27 kg·hm-2),三者排放量分别占施氮量的0·80%、0.60%和0.27%.3)降雨是玉米生长季N2O排放的主要影响因子,而无机氮则是影响N2O排放的主要限制因子.     

Dynamic temperature model for proton exchange membrane fuel cell using online variations in load current and ambient temperature

This paper presents a dynamic temperature model for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system. The proposed model overcomes the complexity of conventional models using first-order expressions consisting of load current and ambient temperature. The proposed model also incorporates a PEMFC cooling system, which depends upon the temperature difference between events. A dynamic algorithm is developed to detect load changing events and calculate instantaneous PEMFC temperature variations. The parameters of the model are extracted by employing the lightning search algorithm (LSA). The temperature characteristics of the NEXA 1.2 kW PEMFC system are experimentally studied to validate model performance. The results show that the proposed model output and the temperature data obtained from experiments for linear and abrupt changes in PEMFC load current are in agreement. The root-mean-square error between the model output and experimental results is less than 0.9. Moreover, the proposed model outperforms the conventional models and provides advantages such as simplicity and adaptability for low and high sampling data rates of input variables, namely, load current and ambient temperature. The model is not only helpful for simulations but also suitable for dynamic real-time controllers and emulators.     

菌渣中青霉素对蔬菜种子萌发的生态毒性效应

为推动青霉素菌渣环境安全利用技术规范的建立,以油麦菜、油菜、白菜和生菜4种蔬菜为研究对象,以种子发芽率、幼苗鲜质量、芽长和根长为毒性敏感指标,研究了不同处理组〔ρ（PG）分别为10、100、200、400、800、1 200、1 600、2 000、2 400、3 200和4 000 mg/L〕和对照组的青霉素（Penicillin,简称“PG”）对4种蔬菜种子萌发的生态毒性响应关系.结果表明:①与对照组相比,各处理组4种蔬菜种子发芽率之间均无显著性差异（P>0.05）;当ρ（PG）≥1 200 mg/L时,油菜种子的芽长增长率在60%左右,且与对照组相比具有显著差异（P < 0.05）;在ρ（PG）为200 mg/L时,生菜鲜质量达到最大值（0.29 g）,较对照组增加了10.37%,白菜鲜质量在ρ（PG）为400 mg/L时达到最大值,较对照组增加了5.76%,而在试验浓度范围内,各处理组4种蔬菜种子的根长均随着ρ（PG）的增大表现出逐渐增强的抑制作用.②PG对4种蔬菜的根长抑制率剂量-效应关系均符合Allometric模型,即y=axb〔其中,x为ρ（PG）,y为根长抑制率,a和b均为常数〕.③油麦菜、油菜、白菜和生菜4种蔬菜对PG的根长半抑制浓度（IC₅₀）分别为1 675.11、995.67、3 736.40和2 510.24 mg/L,4种蔬菜根长抑制率对PG的敏感程度表现为油菜>油麦菜>生菜>白菜（P < 0.05）.研究显示,与油麦菜、白菜和生菜相比,油菜更适合作为PG的生态毒性指示植物.      

Effects of cyanobacteria producing microcystins on seed germination and seedling growth of several agricultural plants

The effects of cyanobacteria aqueous extracts containing Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) on the seed germination and growth of Pisum sativum, Lens esculenta, Zea mays and Triticum durum were investigated. Experiments were carried out on a range of doses of the extract (equivalent to 0, 1.6, 2.9, 5.8, 8.7 and 11.6 μ g MC-LR/mL). The results confirm that these plants were sensitive to cell-free extracts of a toxic Microcystis and that germination inhibition was dose dependent. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that P. sativum is the most sensitive tested species with a 97% germination rate reduction and L. esculenta was the most resistant. At the 8th day, the exposure to the microcystins (MC) resulted in a significant decrease of plant epicotyls length, roots length and a net inhibition of lateral root formation. It is concluded that MC could affect also terrestrial plants seedling germination and growth. Therefore, the use of water for irrigation contaminated by MC could exert negative biochemical effects on seed and plant metabolism which might influence the agricultural crops.     

加速溶剂萃取法评价土壤中六氯苯和五氯苯对水稻根的生物有效性

采用温室盆栽实验,选择红壤性水稻土和乌栅土,分别设定对照及添加1%和2%有机肥的处理,评价水稻根系对土壤中六氯苯(HCB)及其主要降解产物五氯苯(PeCB)的吸收富集能力,并比较水稻根中富集的HCB或PeCB量与4种溶剂(体积比3/1的正己烷/丙酮、乙醇、正己烷、水)提取的土壤中HCB或PeCB量的相关性,以评价土壤中HCB和PeCB对水稻根的生物有效性.结果表明,红壤性水稻土和乌栅土中,水稻根富集的HCB浓度平均分别为364.1和306.0ng/g,水稻根中PeCB浓度平均分别为12.7和28.7ng/g,主要原因是HCB在红壤性水稻土中的降解效率低于乌栅土.2种土壤中添加1%和2%的有机肥抑制HCB降解,因此降低水稻根中PeCB的浓度.水稻根中HCB和PeCB与4种溶剂提取的土壤中HCB和PeCB量的相关系数大小次序均为:乙醇正己烷/丙酮正己烷水,表明采用乙醇提取的土壤中HCB和PeCB量对评价其对水稻根生物有效性的效果最佳.4种溶剂中,仅乙醇提取的土壤中HCB与水稻根中HCB量呈显著正相关,而除水以外的其它3种溶剂提取的土壤中PeCB与水稻根中PeCB量均显著正相关.本研究表明,采用加速溶剂萃取法,通过选择合适的提取溶剂,评价土壤中HCB和PeCB对水稻根的生物有效性具有可行性.     

三叶鬼针草毛状根的诱导及其对重金属Cd、Pb蓄积

利用发根农杆菌诱导植物毛状根多被利用于药用植物生物技术工程方面.目前植物修复也利用毛状根生长快,侧根分支多与污染源接触表面积大等优点进行污染水体的修复.三叶鬼针草自然植株具有重金属Cd的超富集能力,本文利用发根农杆菌C58C1诱导三叶鬼针草叶片产生毛状根,在1/2MS的液体培养基能稳定、正常生长,并表现对重金属Cd、Pb极强的忍耐和蓄积能力.单一处理时,三叶鬼针草毛状根在Cd≤50μmol·L-1和Pb≤25μmol·L-1时均能正常生长,生物量积累与对照没有明显差异;随处理浓度增加,当Cd≥100μmol·L-1、Pb≥50μmol·L-1时,毛状根生物量积累明显受到抑制.Cd-Pb复合处理时,低浓度Cd(25μmol·L-1)与Pb复合处理,随Pb浓度增加(25、100、200μmol·L-1)三叶鬼针草毛状根生物量逐渐减少,抑制效应随Pb增加而加剧;高浓度Cd(200μmol·L-1)与Pb复合处理,随Pb浓度增加(25、100、200μmol·L-1)生物量逐渐减少,抑制效应随Pb增加而加剧.高浓度Cd与Pb复合处理,毛状根生长受到抑制更严重.单一处理时,当Cd≤50μmol·L-1时,随处理浓度增加Cd蓄积量增加,当Cd≥100μmol·L-1时,重金属蓄积量明显降低,随处理浓度进一步增加,重金属蓄积量已无明显变化.Pb≤100μmol·L-1处理时,毛状根对Pb蓄积量随处理浓度增加微弱降低,但不明显;当Pb≥200μmol·L-1时,随处理浓度增加,毛状根对Pb蓄积量明显降低.Cd-Pb复合胁迫,低、中Pb(Pb≤100μmol·L-1)促进毛状根对Cd富集,高浓度Pb(Pb≥200μmol·L-1)则抑制Cd的富集;低浓度Cd仅对低浓度25μmol·L-1时Pb有微弱促进积累效应,其余均抑制Pb富集.这说明三叶鬼针草毛状根可作为重金属Cd、Pb污染水体潜在的植物修复新材料.     

玉米对铅胁迫的响应及体内铅化学形态研究

通过砂培试验,研究了铅(Pb)胁迫下不同品种玉米根、茎叶中Pb的化学形态变化,进一步探讨玉米耐Pb机制.结果表明,本试验中对Pb胁迫耐性最强的玉米品种为郑单958和隆平206,耐性最差的为联创5号.不同浓度Pb胁迫下玉米根、茎叶中Pb主要以无毒的醋酸提取态和盐酸提取态为主,比例高达60%~87%,这一比例根部略高于茎叶;而活性较强的乙醇提取态和水提取态Pb含量两者合计所占比例为6%~20%.100 mg·L-1Pb胁迫下隆平206茎叶中Pb的乙醇和水提取态合计值最低(0.52 mg·kg-1),其次是郑单958(0.93 mg·kg-1),最高的为联创5号(2.78 mg·kg-1);800 mg·L-1Pb胁迫下,郑单958茎叶中Pb的乙醇提取态和水提取态合计值最低,为2.41 mg·kg-1,因此郑单958耐Pb,可能与体内有毒形态Pb向无毒形态Pb的转换有关.     

Controlling bacterial leaf blight of rice and enhancing the plant growth with endophytic and rhizobacterial Bacillus strains

This study was conducted to assess efficacy of biological control against bacterial leaf blight (BLB) of rice produced by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Five endophytic strains (A1, A2, A3, A13 and A15) and two rhizospherial Bacilli (D29 and H8) were tested for their antagonistic activities against BLB in vitro and in vivo. All seven strains showed high potential of antagonistic activity against X. oryzae pv. oryzae and three phytopathogenic fungi in vitro. Test of 16SrRNA gene sequence were assigned isolates A1, A3 and A13 as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens while isolates A2 and A15 as B. methylotrophicus and B. subtilis, respectively. In greenhouse, four strains of displayed 50.29%–57.86% inhibition rate against the pathogen and significantly increased plant fresh weight from 50.03% to 73.11% and dry weight from 64.11% to 86.65% in treated rice plants. In addition, these strains demonstrated strong capability to produce indole-3-acetic acid, siderophores, solubilizing phosphate and also colonize roots. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed that expression of defense-related genes including OsAOS2, OsJMT1, OsNPR1 and OsPR1b were significantly up-regulated in leaves of D29-exposed rice plants, suggesting that treatment of rice with D29 suppressed BLB through systemic activation of the plant defense system. Therefore, data suggest that Bacillus isolates A13, A15, D29 and H8 support effective antagonistic activity against BLB under greenhouse conditions in addition to their potential to promote growth of rice plants.     

丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对铯胁迫宿根高粱生长及根际土壤酶的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了接种透光球囊霉(Glomus diaphanum)、摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)、地表球囊霉(Glomus versiforme)及幼套球囊霉(Glomus etunicatum)等4种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对铯污染下宿根高粱生长及根际土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明,与未接种对照相比,接种AMF处理均显著增加了宿根高粱的株高和根长,同时增强了过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性及根系活力(P0.05),且以接种G.etunicatum增强效果最好,上述酶活性和根系活力分别相当于对照的1.11、2.25和4.04倍,而接种Glomus diaphanum最显著增强了酸性磷酸酶活性,使其提高了24.53 mg·g-1·d-1·FW(P0.05),宿根高粱对铯的耐性指数均高于对照,说明AMF在一定程度上能缓解铯污染胁迫对根际土壤酶的抑制作用,进而减轻核素铯对植物的毒害;接种AMF处理显著抑制了脲酶活性,表明脲酶可作为反应土壤核素铯污染的一个有效指标.同时也表明AMF有效地增强了宿根高粱对核素铯的耐性能力.     

保护性耕作下小麦田土壤呼吸及碳平衡研究

为了研究小麦农田生态系统土壤碳排放与作物碳蓄积特征,采用LI6400-09在重庆北碚西南大学教学试验农场对平作(T)、垄作(R)、平作+覆盖(TS)、垄作+覆盖(RS)这4种处理下的西南紫色土丘陵区小麦/玉米/大豆套作体系中小麦生长季节的土壤呼吸及植株生长动态进行了观测.利用根系生物量外推法(root biomass regression,RBR)和根排除法(root exclusion,RE)这2种方法比较分析根系呼吸对土壤总呼吸的贡献,并估算小麦农田碳收支状况.结果表明,土壤呼吸介于0.62~2.91μmol·(m2·s)-1,平均值为1.71μmol·(m2·s)-1.T、R、TS、RS各处理日均土壤呼吸速率分别为1.29、1.59、1.99、1.96μmol·(m2·s)-1,表现为T相似文献