高寒草甸不同土地利用格局土壤CO2的释放量

分析高寒草甸不同土地利用格局下土壤CO₂的释放量大小表明,在植物生长季的5～9月,土壤CO₂释放量大小排序为:金露梅灌丛草甸(1871.40g/m²)＞矮嵩草草甸(1769.63g/m²)＞退化金露梅灌丛草甸(1495.60g/m²)＞退化矮嵩草草甸(1191.26g/m²);而在植物非生长季的10月到翌年4月,其土壤CO₂释放量大小与植物生长季略有差异,表现出矮嵩草草甸(661.46g/m²)＞金露梅灌丛草甸(550.90g/m²)＞退化矮嵩草草甸(502.50g/m²)＞退化金露梅灌丛草甸(384.50g/m²)的特点;全年内表现为矮嵩草草甸(2431.09g/m²)＞金露梅灌丛草甸(2422.30g/m²)＞退化金露梅灌丛草甸(1880.10g/m²)＞退化矮嵩草草甸(1694.06g/m²).高寒草甸地区不同土地利用格局土壤CO₂释放数量的差异及季节变化,不仅与各利用格局的土壤生物活性及土壤物理化学性状有关,而且与气象条件(特别是温度)及其土壤冬季冻结期长短关系极为密切.     

湖南省不同土地利用方式的碳排放效应及时空格局分析

土地利用变化是造成碳排放量增长的主要原因.运用相关统计数据,测算并分析了湖南省不同土地利用方式的碳排放效应及时空差异.结果表明,2003-2009年,湖南省净碳排放量呈增加趋势,年均增加478.15万t,而单位GDP碳排放强度却呈下降趋势,且与人均GDP呈现出倒U型曲线关系,曲线拐点在人均GDP达到0.97～1.00万元·人-1附近.同期,湖南省建设用地和耕地成为主要的碳源,其中,建设用地碳排放量年均增加约483.19万t,对净碳排放量的年均贡献率超过84％;林地为主要碳汇,其碳汇量年均可达769.67万t.2009年,湖南省净碳排放量存在着明显的区域差异,总体上呈现从东到西、从北到南逐渐减小的趋势,其中,娄底、岳阳、湘潭与郴州4市属于高排放-低效率(HE-LE)类型;永州、怀化、吉首与张家界4市属于低排放-高效率(LE-HE)类型;邵阳、长沙、常德、株洲、衡阳与益阳6市属于中排放-中效率(ME-ME)类型.     

Female distribution affects mate searching and sexual selection in male northern water snakes (Nerodia sipedon)

Mating systems and sexual selection are assumed to be affected by the distribution of critical resources. We use observations of 312 mating aggregations to compare mate-searching success of male northern water snakes (Nerodia sipedon) in two marshes in which differences in mating substrate availability resulted in more than fourfold differences in female dispersion. Reproductive males had significantly larger home ranges where females were dispersed than where females were clumped. The number of females encountered by males increased significantly with male home range size where females were dispersed, and decreased significantly where females were clumped. Where females were clumped, males were more likely to encounter other males when they located females. We found no evidence in either population that mate searching was energetically expensive or that males with relatively more energy had larger home ranges. However, males with greater fat reserves at the start of the season participated in more mating aggregations when females were dispersed, suggesting that fat reserves could affect a male’s willingness to attempt mating or to persist in aggregations. When females were dispersed there was weak stabilizing selection acting to maintain male body size (β=–0.14), but strong directional selection favoring larger (β=0.50) and fatter (β=0.37) males. Over 7 years, the intensity of selection favoring larger males varied substantially (β=0.14–1.15), but that variation was not related to variation in the operational sex ratio. We found no evidence of directional selection on either body size (β=0.05) or fat reserves (β=0.10) of males when females were spatially clumped. Overall, the distribution of females had a pronounced effect on male behavior, on the factors that affected male success in locating females, and probably on the extent of sperm competition once females had been located. Received: 23 November 1998 / Received in revised form: 9 August 1999 / Accepted: 18 August 1999     

连续周年轮作休耕对土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳的影响

为探究连续周年轮作休耕对红壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳含量的影响,以坡耕地红壤为研究对象,采用湿筛法和重铬酸钾-浓硫酸外加热法分别测定水稳性团聚体和有机碳含量,分析了2020~2022年玉米-苕子-玉米轮作（M-V-M）、玉米-豌豆-玉米轮作（M-P-M）、玉米-冬闲-玉米（M-F-M）和周年休耕（F-F-F）这4个处理下土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳含量变化特征以及两者间的相互关系.结果表明,在2021年和2022年中,F-F-F、M-V-M和M-P-M处理的> 2 mm团聚体含量较M-F-M分别显著提高了67.01%~100.92%、29.71%~33.67%和29.68%~38.07%;2021年和2022年中F-F-F、M-V-M的团聚体稳定性参数显著高于M-F-M（P < 0.05）.M-V-M处理下的> 2 mm团聚体含量、GMD（几何平均直径）和MWD（平均重量直径）及F-F-F处理的R_0.25（ > 0.25 mm团聚体含量）、MWD和> 2 mm团聚体含量随着轮作休耕年限的延长而增加,而F-F-F处理下1~2 mm和< 0.25 mm团聚体含量随着休耕年限的增加而降低.绿肥轮作和休耕处理均能够提高SOC含量,且F-F-F和M-V-M处理的SOC含量随年限的延长而增加.相关性分析表明,所有处理下SOC含量与R_0.25呈极显著正相关,与GMD呈显著正相关;F-F-F处理下的R_0.25和GMD及M-V-M处理下的GMD和MWD均与SOC含量显著正相关.结果表明,连续周年轮作休耕有利于提高土壤大团聚体含量、团聚体稳定性和SOC含量,可为我国南方坡耕地红壤区推行合理的连续周年轮作休耕模式和水土流失防治提供理论依据.     

旱三熟带状轮作小春预留行栽油菜技术

本文根据南充地区冬春气候特点,并针对旱地实行的中厢分带间套种植小春预留行未充分利用的状况,从1984年开始在预留行进行了栽油菜研究。结果表明,一般亩增菜籽30～40kg,增加产值34～45元,纯收入21～32元,并找出了适于预留行栽植的油菜品种和配套栽培技术。     

爆炸荷载作用下岩石的变形与破坏研究(Ⅰ)

无论是矿山工程、隧道工程中钻孔爆破效率的提高、工程爆破领域爆破振动参数的预测,还是最近一系列高技术常规局部战争中钻地炸弹对地下坚固目标的破坏,在不考虑岩石中强爆炸引起的光子和电磁辐射等极端效应情况下,都亟待要求对岩石中爆炸引起的应力、变形及其它运动参数和破坏效应作出比较准确的评估。目前对此问题的研究尚只能达到大致的机理及景象的定性认识和描述,定量上的确定存在数量级的误差,尤其是爆炸和冲击的近区,误差更大。其原因在于岩石中爆炸产生的变形和破坏特征,不仅与作用时发生相应的物理及力学运动密切相关,而且强烈地受岩石自身构造缺陷水平及其变化的制约。本文概述了爆炸作用下岩石的动力变形与破坏研究之现状。研究中考虑了岩石的构造特点及其对基本力学性状的影响,并简述了其研究的新趋向。     

Smart meters for enhanced water supply network modelling and infrastructure planning

To design water distribution network infrastructure, water utilities formulate daily demand profiles and peaking factors. However, traditional methods of developing such profiles and peaking factors, necessary to carry out water distribution network modelling, are often founded on a number of assumptions on how top-down bulk water consumption is attributed to customer connections and outdated demand information that does not reflect present consumption trends; meaning infrastructure is often unnecessarily overdesigned. The recent advent of high resolution smart water meters allows for a new novel methodology for using the continuous ‘big data’ generated by these meter fleets to create evidence-based water demand curves suitable for use in network models. To demonstrate the application of the developed method, high resolution water consumption data from households fitted with smart water meters were collected from the South East Queensland and Hervey Bay regions in Australia. Average day (AD), peak day (PD) and mean day maximum month (MDMM) demand curves, often used in water supply network modelling, were developed from the herein created methodology using both individual end-use level and hourly demand patterns from the smart meters. The resulting modelled water demand patterns for AD, PD and MDMM had morning and evening peaks occurring earlier and lower main peaks (AD: 12%; PD: 20%; MDMM: 33%) than the currently used demand profiles of the regions’ water utility. The paper concludes with a discussion on the implications of widespread smart water metering systems for enhanced water distribution infrastructure planning and management as well as the benefits to customers.     

地球自转不规则变化与苏皖及其附近地区中强地震的相关性

地球自转不规则变化的加速段与苏皖及其附近地区中强地震的相关性较好。用周期图分析的拟合曲线外推至 2 0 2 0年 ,可见这次地球自转不规则变化加速段将持续到 2 0 0 4年左右。因此 ,苏皖及其附近地区中强地震活动将持续到 2 0 0 4～ 2 0 0 5年左右。根据美国NEOS提供的数据 ,目前地球自转确在加速段。