模拟成藏地质填埋及诱导填埋有机质生气的理论初探

填埋处理和垃圾生物气的开发利用是实现城市生活垃圾资源化、无害化、减量化处理的有效途径,引入模拟生物气成藏和含气系统的思路,开展地质填埋与诱导填埋有机质生气研究是对能源地质学和填埋设计理念的新探索.通过对比研究地质填埋结构与地质学中生物气藏系统的异同点、生气机理和影响因素的共性与差异,初步论证了将模拟生物气藏理论引入地质填埋设计、优化地质填埋结构、提高填埋有机质生物气化效率和抽排利用效率的可行性;探讨了生物气藏理论在构建地质填埋结构中的可能应用和启示.研究表明:模拟生物气藏地质填埋设计和非常规生物气开发理念具有理论依据和现实基础;生物气藏生、储、盖要素和运、圈、保过程的模拟可应用于垃圾地质填埋场的构建,微生物地球化学理论有助于对诱导填埋有机质生气条件优化的认识.     

红壤丘陵区小流域典型土地利用的面源氮磷输出特征

科学识别不同土地利用方式下的径流污染输出特征是治理流域面源污染的前提.以南方红壤丘陵地区小流域为例,野外实地观测对比了不同降雨特征下林地、种植用地和建设用地的水文过程和面源污染物输出过程.结果表明,土地利用方式影响着地表径流的水文水质过程,典型降雨下3类用地类型产流时间及产流累积雨量的特征为：建设用地（9 min,2.0 mm）、种植用地（35 min,11.4 mm）和林地（108 min,24.0 mm）;而3种用地类型的总悬浮物（TSS）、总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）的污染物浓度、形态、氮磷比变化及输出强度等污染输出过程特征也呈现明显差异.典型降雨下不同用地类型具有相似的污染输出阶段,径流初期的TSS、TN和TP质量浓度均偏高,之后逐步趋于稳定;产流过程的前30 min贡献TSS、TN及TP负荷的范围均在23%~43%之间.年尺度下,各用地类型对TN和TP负荷的贡献率及单位面积负荷比存在明显差异,表现为种植用地污染负荷贡献最高（57%和45%）,而建设用地单位面积负荷比最高（9.50~12.50）.结果亦表明小流域面源污染关键源区的分布具有时空动态变化特征,由汇水单元内的用地类型组成和年降雨特征等综合决定;随着次降雨量的增加,主要贡献源由建设用地向种植用地动态转变,治理时需要根据关键源区的分布特征及下垫面产流过程规律进行针对性生态拦截.     

不同入河排水口降雨径流污染特征识别

为明确降雨径流对受纳水体的影响,本文以萧太后河径流入河排水口为研究对象,通过原位监测降雨量、径流量和径流水质的方式,初步揭示不同入河排水口降雨径流污染特征.研究结果表明,首闸合流制溢流口、台湖路边沟和前营村分别在累计降雨12、5.0和3.2 mm及分别晚于降雨2.0、1.5和1.3 h时开始产流,TP、NH₃-N、COD和TN均在初期降雨过程中浓度较大,台湖路边沟多场次降雨的场次降雨径流平均浓度（EMC）的均值及波动范围均高于其他两类入河排水口（不包括SS指标）.雨强、降雨量和雨前干期长度等与排水口中的污染负荷指标具有一定的相关性,其中,雨强分别与首闸和台湖路边沟的TN呈正相关,与前营村的TP呈负相关.3类入河排水口径流污染指标中,NH₃-N与不同的指标存在一定的相关性,且回归分析的R²均大于0.9.萧太后河流域场次降雨入河污染负荷TP、NH₃-N、COD和TN分别为0.27、2.82、43.77和4.98 t.建议从总污染负荷控制的角度确定末端调蓄容积,截留初期约16 mm降雨.     

日用化学产品制造业产排污量核算系数手册的修订

通过分析日用化学产品制造业5个小类行业污染物产排情况,采集样本企业污染物指标数据模拟计算得出相应污染物指标的产排污量核算系数。系数涵盖了12个主要污染物指标,并按照16种产品类别组合编制系数手册,为第二次全国污染源普查统计提供参考。该核算系数手册是对第一次全国污染源普查中系数手册的修订与增补,以期更为系统、科学地量化日用化学产品产量与污染物指标。     

Coupling PCSWMM and WASP to Evaluate Green Stormwater Infrastructure Impacts to Storm Sediment Loads in an Urban Watershed

We coupled rainfall–runoff and instream water quality models to evaluate total suspended solids (TSS) in Wissahickon Creek, a mid‐sized urban stream near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Using stormwater runoff and instream field data, we calibrated the model at a subdaily scale and focused on storm responses. We demonstrate that treating event mean concentrations as a calibration parameter rather than a fixed input can substantially improve model performance. Urban stormwater TSS concentrations vary widely in time and space and are difficult to represent simply. Suspended and deposited sediment pose independent stressors to stream biota and model results suggest that both currently impair stream health in Wissahickon Creek. Retrofitting existing detention basins to prioritize infiltration reduced instream TSS loads by 20%, suggesting that infiltration mitigates sediment more effectively than detention. Infiltrating stormwater from 30% of the watershed reduced instream TSS loads by 47% and cut the frequency of TSS exceeding 100 mg/L by half. Settled loads and the frequency of high TSS values were reduced by a smaller fraction than suspended loads and duration at high TSS values. A widely distributed network of infiltration‐focused projects is an effective stormwater management strategy to mitigate sediment stress. Coupling rainfall–runoff and water quality models is an important way to integrate watershed‐wide impacts and evaluate how management directly affects urban stream health.     

不透水地表粗糙度对城市面源颗粒物的累积和冲刷影响

目前国内外关于不透水地表微观结构特征如何影响街尘对径流输出过程的研究鲜见报道.本研究基于12场降雨事件的野外观测,以粗糙度（构造深）量化不透水地表微观结构特征,分析粗糙度与晴天街尘的累积特征及雨天冲刷特征之间的相关关系.结果表明,不透水地表粗糙度显著影响街尘的晴天累积-雨天冲刷过程,晴天累积天数对粗糙度与街尘累积量的相关性（r=0.664,P<0.01）具有增强效应,降雨量对粗糙度与街尘冲刷量的相关性（r=0.527,P<0.01）具有增强效应;各粒径段街尘累积量与粗糙度的相关性（0.529≤ r<0.757）随颗粒物粒径变大而提高,各粒径段街尘冲刷量与粗糙度的相关性（0.603 > r > 0.209）随颗粒物粒径变大而降低.通过建立粗糙度和降雨量的线性回归模型可以较好地预测场降雨径流中TSS累积污染负荷.粗糙度和降雨量对<20 μm以及>250 μm粒径段的累积负荷作用效果显著.上述结果揭示了粗糙度和降雨量对街尘输出为地表径流污染物的作用,为准确模拟城市面源颗粒污染物的径流冲刷过程提供了科学依据.     

Non-point source-driven carbon and nutrient loading to Ganga River (India)

This study was designed to test whether the atmospheric deposition (AD) significantly influences gross primary productivity (GPP) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) build-up in the Ganga River. We collected data for three consecutive years (2012–2014) along with 37 km river stretch with respect to AD-input of carbon, nutrients, and surface runoff chemistry to relate changes in the river water. We found strong linkages among carbon and nutrients in AD, surface runoff and in the river. The concentration of DOC in the river was highest in the rainy season while those of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and dissolved reactive phosphorus were highest in winter. Spatio-temporal changes in DOC indicated dependence on point- and non-point sources and within-system DOC build-up. The GPP in the river increased consistently over time and significantly correlated with AD-N (R^2?=?0.96, p?<?.001) and AD-P (R^2?=?0.97, p?<?.001). Basin level extrapolation showed that the Ganga River Basin receives 1.81?Tg organic-C, 2.77 Tg reactive-N, and 130?Gg reactive-P annually through atmospheric deposition. Non-point source contributions of carbon and nutrients to the river were substantially higher than those of point sources. The study has relevance for regional scale carbon and nutrient budgeting and action plans for integrated river basin management.     

Pesticides in stormwater runoff−A mini review

• The sources and pathways of pesticides into stormwater runoff were diverse. • Factors affecting pesticides in stormwater runoff were critically reviewed. • Pesticides mitigation strategies were included in this review. • The current knowledge gap of the pesticides in stormwater runoff was identified. Recently, scientific interest has grown in harvesting and treating stormwater for potable water use, in order to combat the serious global water scarcity issue. In this context, pesticides have been identified as the key knowledge gap as far as reusing stormwater is concerned. This paper reviewed the presence of pesticides in stormwater runoff in both rural and urban areas. Specifically, the sources of pesticide contamination and possible pathways were investigated in this review. Influential factors affecting pesticides in stormwater runoff were critically identified as: 1) characteristics of precipitation, 2) properties of pesticide, 3) patterns of pesticides use, and 4) properties of application surface. The available pesticide mitigation strategies including best management practice (BMP), low impact development (LID), green infrastructure (GI) and sponge city (SC) were also included in this paper. In the future, large-scale multi-catchment studies that directly evaluate pesticide concentrations in both urban and rural stormwater runoff will be of great importance for the development of effective pesticides treatment approaches and stormwater harvesting strategies.     

STANDARDIZATION OF PEAK-VOLUME TRANSFORMATIONS1

ABSTRACT: A general treatment of logarithmic transformations and standardization of peak flows on powers of direct runoff is given. Interpretation is offered in this regard for several recent works. There is no basis in reason and no justification in practice for the power standardization. All power standardizations may be calculated from the original relationship.     

NUTRIENT CONTENT OF CROP CANOPY THROUGHFALL PRECIPITATION IN EASTERN SOUTH DAKOTA1

ABSTRACT: Nutrient contents of canopy throughfall precipitation (TFP) from fertilized and unfertilized crops were analyzed and compared to determine the importance of fertilization on this source of nutrients in runoff. Continuous barley, corn, oats, rye, and wheat plots, that had been unfertilized since 1941 and divided and half fertilized since 1959, were studied. TFP soluble PO₄, total PO₄, and soluble K amounts were usually larger from fertilized plots in comparison to unfertilized ones but the differences usually were not significant. NH₄-N and NO₃-N may have been adsorbed from precipitation by corn canopies.