Qualitative analysis and quantitative simulation on Yin-Huang water salinization mechanism in Bei-Da-Gang reservoir

Yellow River water transfer for Tianjin is important in solving the water shortage in Tianjin, which facilitate economic development and social progress for many years. Fresh water drawn from Yellow River（ i. e., Yin-Huang water） becomes saltier and saltier when being stored in the Bei-Da-Gang reservoir. We qualitatively analyze the water salinization mechanism based on mass transfer theory. The main factors are salinity transfer of saline soil, evaporation concentrating, and the agitation of wind. A simulative experimental pond and an evaporation pond were built beside the Bei-Da-Gang reservoir to quantitatively investigate the water salinization based on water and solute balance in the simulative pond. 80% of increased [Cl^-] is due to the salinity transfer of the saline soil and the other 20% is due to evaporation concentrating, so the former is the most important factor. We found that the salinization of Yin-Huang water can be described with a zero-dimension linear model.     

河北省海岸带土壤盐渍化研究

在当今土地资源日益短缺的年代,作为一种土地资源,盐渍化土地越来越重要,越来越受到社会的普遍关注。本文通过分层采集土样,对整个河北省海岸带的土壤盐渍化进行了研究,在借鉴国内外先进经验的基础上,提出了土壤盐渍化防治和综合利用应视各国、各地具体情况而定,并指出盐渍土未来的研究趋势应以利用新技术、探寻新的改良方法及与农业生态和环境保护研究密切线合这三个方面为主。     

Analysis of patterns and ecological security trend of modern oasis landscapes in Xinjiang, China

Ecological security has become so important that it will affect the national security and social sustainable development. In this paper, a case study on the ecological security indexes of modern oasis landscapes in Beitun Oasis, Xinjiang, was carried out. The spatial neighbouring parameters, such as the contiguous length, measure of area and patch quantity of oasis landscape patches, affected by desert landscape patches were calculated by using GIS-based buffer analysis, the method of calculating ecological security indexes of oasis landscape was developed, and the dynamic changes of patterns and ecological security indexes of the oasis landscapes since recent 30 years were analyzed. The results showed that soil salinization or alkalization and paludification were major factors affecting the ecological security in Beitun Oasis. Therefore, measures should be taken actively to prevent and control secondary salinization and paludification. The ecological security indexes of the oasis landscape in 1972, 1990 and 2005 were 78.91, 82.28 and 83.86, respectively, which showed the degree of security is improving, and the environment was developing harmoniously between human and nature. The methods of evaluating ecological security based on the spatial neighbouring relations between landscape patches can be used to reflect preliminarily the ecological security patterns of landscapes.     

碱性矿化水淋洗对土壤盐碱化及小麦生长的影响

为探讨不同矿化度的水对土壤盐渍化的影响及相应的淋洗分数,采用土柱模拟方法,以小麦为指示作物,设计1.0 g/L,1.5 g/L两种矿化度,按3750 m3/hm2灌溉量,分一水、二水两种灌次,秋后进行人工淡水淋洗。结果表明,在半干旱气候条件下,开发碱性矿化水灌溉矿化度不宜超过1.5 g/L,否则有引起碱化的危险。干旱期用碱性矿化水灌溉抗旱时,在同等灌水量的情况下,一水灌溉比二水灌溉积盐轻。各种人工淋洗处理比CK洗盐效果好,其中以等量淋洗综合效益最好。     

基于贝叶斯网络分类的土壤盐渍化遥感监测

贝叶斯网络是一种将贝叶斯概率方法和有向无环图的网络拓扑结构有机结合的概率模型。采用贝叶斯网络分类对具有典型干旱特征的库车县土壤盐渍化情况进行监测，首先应用条件独立性测试原理建立贝叶斯网络结构，把研究区遥感数据进行离散化，然后应用贝叶斯定理作为分类原则，将每个像元分为像元最大概率的类别。研究结果表明该方法分类6种地类的整体分类精度达到96％，为该区盐渍地面积、空间分布等特征监测提供了较好的依据。     

广州市硫酸盐化速率的灰色GM(1,1)预测

以广州市近7a的硫酸盐化速率年平均值为基础,运用灰色系统理论,建立了广州市硫酸盐化速率年均值的灰色预测模型.用该模型对广州市2005年、2006年、2007年硫酸盐化速率年平均值进行预测,所得结果分别为0.4228、0.4149、0.4070mgSO3/100cm2·碱片·d.     

高强度连作下露天菜地土壤次生盐渍化及其影响因素研究

采集佛山市南海区露天菜地表层土壤,测定其硝酸盐含量和全盐量,分析珠江三角洲典型区域蔬菜地土壤次生盐渍化的发生现状和原因,为制定合理的施肥和管理措施提供科学依据。结果表明,1)136个土壤样本硝态氮质量分数在1.070～854.4mg/kg,平均值为194.3mg/kg,有19.9%的土壤样本硝态氮质量分数超过300mg/kg,已达到极高水平;全盐质量分数在0.02～2.7g/kg,平均值为1.2g/kg,有12.5%的土壤样本全盐质量分数已超过2.0g/kg的轻度盐化标准。2)土壤硝态氮质量分数与全盐质量分数之间具有一定的相关性,经统计检验相关系数达极显著水准(r=0.5665,n=131,P<0.01)。3)高强度连作露天菜地土壤的硝态氮质量分数和可溶性盐分浓度已经接近多年塑料大棚水平。4)综合而言,导致土壤次生盐渍化的原因有气候条件、土壤质地、地下水位、灌溉方式、不合理施肥等,而过量施肥及高强度连作可能是引起南海区露天菜地土壤次生盐渍化的主要因素。     

新疆平原湖泊(包括人工湖)水质盐化及其防治途径

新疆平原湖泊、平原水库盐化日趋严重。湖泊、水库水质盐化对渔业、灌溉、苇产、饮水和人体健康带来很大影响。引起湖泊、水库水质盐化的原因,主要是人为活动造 水盐与水量平衡关系改变的结果。为防止水质盐化,必须减少农田排水泄入河道和湖泊、增加入湖水量,扭转湖泊水量平衡长期亏损状态。     

丛枝菌根真菌对不同含盐量湿地土壤中芦苇生长的影响

采用温室盆栽实验的方法,研究接种Claroideoglomus etunicatum(CE)、Rhizophagus intraradices(RI)、Funneliformis mosseae(FM)和Glomus versiforme(GV)对非盐渍化和盐渍化湿地土壤上芦苇(Phragmites australis)菌根侵染率、生物量、矿质营养吸收、C∶N∶P生态化学计量比和Na+、Cl-含量的影响,旨在为我国湿地生态系统的生态恢复和盐碱化修复提供理论依据和技术支持.结果表明,在2种湿地土壤上4种AM真菌的平均菌根侵染率为2.5%~38%,接种CE的侵染率显著高于其它接种处理;盐渍化湿地土壤上芦苇菌根侵染率与非盐渍化湿地土壤间无显著性差异,非盐渍化湿地土壤芦苇生物量、矿质营养元素的吸收显著高于盐渍化湿地土壤,而Na+和Cl-的含量显著低于盐渍化湿地土壤.对于非盐渍化湿地土壤,接种GV处理显著增加了芦苇地上部的干重,促进了芦苇地上部对N、P、K、Ca和Mg等5种营养元素的吸收,接种GV和RI则显著促进了芦苇根部对P和K的吸收;4种接种处理显著降低了芦苇地上部N∶P,接种FM和GV显著降低了根部C∶N和C∶P;4种接种处理也显著降低了芦苇地上部Cl-的含量,接种RI处理显著降低了芦苇地上部Na+的含量.对于盐渍化湿地土壤,4种接种处理对芦苇生物量、矿质营养吸收和Na+、Cl-的含量均没有显著性影响.结果也表明,AM真菌对于不同含盐量湿地土壤芦苇生长的影响表现出不同的菌根效应,在非盐渍化湿地土壤上对芦苇生长的有益作用明显好于盐渍化湿地土壤.应结合相应的技术措施进一步通过野外实地实验筛选接种效果好的AM真菌菌种,探讨菌根技术对不同含盐量湿地土壤上芦苇生长的实际作用.     

EFFECT OF TWO IMPOUNDMENTS ON THE SALINITY AND QUANTITY OF STORED WATERS1

ABSTRACT The effect of hydrologic and chemical processes on salinization of stored waters was determined for two small floodwater-retarding structures located in western Oklahoma. One structure, already designed to accommodate a large influx of sediment, was further overdesigned hydrologically by upstream diversion of approximately one-half the inflow. Over a 2-year period, the total salinity of stored waters increased approximately 22 times and the stored water volume decreased to 1/33 its initial volume in the overdesigned structure, while both volume and salinity of stored waters remained comparatively stable in the other structure. The lack of sufficient dilution by better quality surface runoff and the increased residence time of water in the impoundment apparently caused most of the salinity increase. The bulk of the salt load entering the over-designed structure, to be concentrated later by evaporation, was associated with base rather than storm inflow. After base inflow ceased, substantial losses of salt load and stored water occurred concurrently. The loss was not adequately explained by chemical precipitation in association with evaporation. Seepage and evaporation-associated variables appeared to account for much of the hydrologically unexplained loss of stored waters.