HYDROLOGICAL EFFECTS OF AN UNCONTROLLED FLOWING WELL,RED RIVER VALLEY,NORTH DAKOTA,USA1

ABSTRACT: In areas of the Red River Valley that overlie permeable Paleozoic sediments, wetlands and salinization have developed where unregulated flowing wells discharge brackish water. Field data were collected to assess the fate of water and salt from a well 25 km northwest of Grand Forks. Drilled during the drought of the 1930s, discharge was used to replenish water in a small oxbow pond used by livestock. The unregulated well discharges about 56 m³/day, measured since 1993. This discharge exceeds ground water flow from the site, thereby forming a ground water mound with a maximum height of 1 m and a diameter of about 300 m. Most soil and underlying sediments near the well have a hydraulic conductivity of 0.3 m³/day. Flow net analysis suggests that less than 25 percent infiltrates, with the remaining water lost to surface flow and evapotranspiration (ET). Evapotranspiration and slow infiltration has led to increased salinization, with shallow soils exhibiting EC to 500 milliSiemens/m. The most pronounced soil salinization occurs along the margins of the oxbow pond and meander scars. Wetland vegetation with low diversity comprises three zones, with species associations similar to those of closed basin prairie potholes to the west.     

Sustainable Land Use Requires Attention to Ecological Signals

This case study details the difficulties of landscape management, highlighting the challenges inherent in managing natural resources when multiple agencies are involved, when the land users have no incentive for conservation, and when government agencies have too few resources for effective management. Pumping of groundwater from the aquifer of La Costa de Hermosillo in the state of Sonora, Mexico, began in 1945 and developed so quickly that by the late 1950s salinity intrusion from the Gulf of California was occurring in the wells. In the 1970s, the irrigatable land in La Costa peaked at 132,516 ha and the extracted volume of water from the aquifer peaked at around 1.14 billion cubic meters annually. By the 1980s, 105 wells of the total of 498 were contaminated with seawater and, therefore, identified for closure. At present La Costa de Hermosillo still represents 15% of the total harvested land, 16% of the total annual production, and 23% of the gross agricultural production of the state of Sonora. However, there are approximately 80,000 ha of abandoned fields due to salt water intension, lack of water and/or lack of credit available to individual farmers. This unstable situation resulted from the interplay of water management policies and practices, and farm-land policies and practices. While government agencies have been able to enforce better water use for agricultural production, there remains a significant area that requires restoration from its degraded state. For this piece of the ecosystem management puzzle, government agencies have thus far been unable to affect a solution.     

北塘水库底泥盐分释放的影响因子研究

为研究北塘水库作为天津市南水北调调节和事故备用水库的水质安全性,2005年7月～2006年1月,取北塘水库0～20cm混合底泥及0～60cm的圆柱状底泥,在实验室模拟了温度变化、风浪扰动、换水、下渗等条件下底泥Cl-的释放过程和释放强度,分析了Cl-释放对水库水质的影响。结果表明,温度越高,底泥中Cl-的释放速率越快,但释放量的差别随时间变得越来越小。在扰动条件下,10d以后,0～20cm混合底泥中的Cl-几乎全部释放出来。每换一次水,底泥中Cl-的释放量都会明显下降。释放和下渗将导致水库底泥中Cl-的含量不断降低,南水北调通水后,如果能保证一定的供水频率以及换水周期,北塘水库水质将越来越好。     

新疆盐渍化土壤氮肥氨挥发损失特征初步研究

在室温下应用“静态吸收法”,研究不同盐渍化程度的盐化土壤和碱化土壤上氮肥氨挥发损失特征。结果表明:(1)除碱土外碱化土壤上氮肥氨挥发量随时间延长呈现下降趋势,在盐化土壤上氨挥发量随时间呈现先上升后下降趋势。(2)供试9个典型盐渍化土壤样品上氮肥氨挥发量(Y)与时间(t)关系均符合Y=at2 bt c动力学方程,相关性呈极显著水平。(3)氨挥发总量(Y)、氨挥发速率(Yi)与土壤含盐量(x)呈极显著正相关;氨挥发持续时间随着盐渍化程度的增加而延长。(4)氨挥发总量、挥发速率与盐渍土pH相关性未达到显著水平;盐渍土上pH值对氨挥发的影响需要进一步研究。以上结果表明,盐渍化耕作土壤上氮肥氨挥发的控制要依据盐渍化类型的不同而制定相应的措施。     

盐碱地农-渔开发对土壤环境的影响

在东北苏打盐碱地进行了稻-鱼-苇-蒲开发试验,并探讨了该模式对盐碱土壤环境的影响。结果表明,开发后土壤有机质含量增加96.8%(平均值,以下同),盐分含量下降43.6%,全量和速效N、P、K质量分数分别增加142.8%和188.2%;阳离子交换量、盐基总量分别增加8.21%及27.71%;土壤腐殖质以富里酸为主,w(HA)/w(FA)比值提高36.15%;养鱼稻田的土壤微生物总量明显高于未养鱼田(P<0.01);优势种为放线菌。土壤酶活性进一步加强。系统废水的盐分质量浓度降至1.0 g/L左右,碱浓度低于水源(7.0~10.0 mmol/L)。该模式不会造成土壤次生盐碱化。     

不同含盐量土壤可溶性无机碳及盐基离子的剖面分布特征

为了探究干旱区盐碱土壤可溶性无机碳的动态分布特征,选取内蒙古河套灌区7种不同电导率土壤的0—100 cm剖面,采用临近样地,随机布点的方法,研究该地区土壤可溶性无机碳和盐基离子的剖面分布规律。结果表明:土壤含盐量对可溶性无机碳含量及盐基离子含量具有重要影响,不同含盐量土壤(S_1-S_7)的可溶性无机碳平均含量随电导率的增加而逐渐降低;随土壤深度的加深呈先减小后增加,表现为浅层0—50 cm含量少,深层50-100 cm含量聚积;可溶性无机碳储量随电导率的增加而逐渐降低。不同含盐量土壤(S_1—S_7)盐基离子含量随电导率的增加而增加;随土壤深度的加深盐基离子含量逐渐减少,具有较强的表聚性。研究区域土壤盐基离子组成以Ca~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)为主,平均含量分别占离子总量的27%和29%;K~+、Mg~(2+)含量较少,平均含量分别占离子总量的13%和7%。通过相关性分析,土壤可溶性无机碳含量与EC呈显著负相关(R~2=0.83,p0.05),与pH无显著相关性(R~2=0.17,p0.05),盐基离子平均含量与EC呈显著正相关(R~2=0.85,p0.05),与pH无显著相关性(R~2=0.07,p0.05),表明土壤EC的增加会影响可溶性无机碳和盐基离子的聚积。     

典型设施环境条件对土壤活性磷变化的影响

采用室内强化模拟试验,研究了90d培养期内环境温度、土壤酸化和盐渍化3种典型设施环境条件对土壤易解吸磷（CaCl₂-P）、有效磷（Olsen-P）、微生物生物量磷（MB-P）以及微生物生物量碳磷比（MB-C/P）等活性磷的影响.结果显示,设施土壤MB-P含量随着环境温度的升高而显著上升;10℃培养结束时土壤CaCl₂-P和Olsen-P含量比4℃对照分别提高15.6%和2.7%.酸化促进设施土壤CaCl₂-P及Olsen-P含量增加,而使土壤MB-P含量显著下降.培养结束时,与pH值为6.89的对照土壤相比,pH值为6.11和5.30的酸化处理土壤CaCl₂-P含量分别提高26.7%和156.1%,其Olsen-P含量分别增加14.1%和91.5%,其MB-P含量的降幅分别为13.3%和16.3%.盐化对土壤CaCl₂-P和Olsen-P含量的影响均不显著,土壤MB-P含量在12d后随盐化程度加重而显著下降.培养结束时,与土壤可溶性盐分为1.90g/kg的对照相比,可溶性盐分为3.05g/kg和5.01g/kg的土壤MB-P含量分别下降42.2%和45.8%.另外,设施环境温度提升、酸化和盐化使土壤MB-C/P在40d后整体上均呈下降趋势.综上所述,在4~25℃范围内提升环境温度,减缓土壤pH值从6.89降至5.30的酸化过程,阻控土壤可溶性盐分从1.90g/kg升至5.01g/kg盐化进程,可保证设施土壤磷素供应,降低土壤磷素流失风险,增强微生物调控土壤有效磷库的潜力.     

盐渍化条件下污灌区土壤重金属的释放特征

以受盐渍化和重金属双重胁迫的天津污灌区土壤为研究对象,通过径流实验和淋溶实验,探讨盐渍化土壤重金属的释放特征及对水质安全的影响.研究的盐分种类为污灌区土壤盐渍化进程中的主要盐分Na Cl,设置的盐度梯度为7个,添加质量分数为0(CK)~5%,污染土壤中Cd、Pb和Hg含量分别为2.21、234.1和0.601 mg·kg~(-1).结果表明,(1)不同盐度处理下产流所需时间为(51'25″±15″),盐度对径流产流时间影响不显著;(2)随着Na Cl盐度梯度的提高,土壤径流和淋溶液中Cd、Pb和Hg的累计释放量均显著上升.Cd累计释放量从CK的53.40μg·kg~(-1)(径流)和55.63μg·kg~(-1)(淋溶)分别提高到5%Na Cl盐度处理的122.56μg·kg~(-1)(径流)和135.79μg·kg~(-1)(淋溶),Pb的累计释放量从CK的168.30μg·kg~(-1)(径流)和94.44μg·kg~(-1)(淋溶)分别提高到5%Na Cl盐度处理的340.68μg·kg~(-1)(径流)和201.93μg·kg~(-1)(淋溶),Hg的累计释放量从CK的39.66μg·kg~(-1)(径流)和9.60μg·kg~(-1)(淋溶)分别提高到5%Na Cl处理的89.37μg·kg~(-1)(径流)和11.97μg·kg~(-1)(淋溶).同时,径流及淋溶液中可溶态重金属含量显著上升,颗粒态含量有所下降,其所占比例也显著下降.Cl-含量与重金属累计释放量之间关系可以用线性或对数模型拟合.(3)高盐度处理下径流和淋出液中Cd浓度超过地下水水质Ⅲ类标准,对环境及地下水存在一定威胁;径流和淋溶前期Pb浓度超过Ⅲ类标准;径流和淋溶过程中Hg浓度均超过Ⅲ类标准,风险较高.本研究结果表明高强度降雨强度下污染农田土壤重金属释放风险不可忽视.     

溪流生态系统次生盐化的生态学研究进展

溪流次生盐化是人类活动干扰导致可溶性盐向水体迁移从而造成盐浓度异常增高的现象,由于干扰类型(如农业生产、河岸带植被破坏、采矿废水与污水排放等)的不同,溪流次生盐化呈现出溶解性无机离子组成复杂、盐浓度间歇性波动等特点. 已有研究发现:①溪流次生盐化会造成藻类、底栖动物和鱼类的群落结构产生变化,主要包括物种丰度、生物量、生物多样性、功能摄食类群等方面;②高盐环境对非耐盐物种产生胁迫从而降低其出现频率,敏感底栖动物会增加漂移行为以选择低盐环境,而敏感鱼类则消失;③耐盐物种应对高盐胁迫有不同策略,如卵胎生的产卵方式以减少在高盐环境中的时间,或拥有较强的渗透调节能力维持体内渗透平衡. 主要问题:①影响水生生物的可能是单一离子又或是离子组合,不同盐化水体所增加的离子类型及浓度都有很大差别,而要逐一探明单一离子及离子组合的影响需要巨大的工作量;②野外研究常以电导率或ρ(TDS)(TDS为总溶解性固体)表征盐化程度,而电导率或ρ(TDS)会改变有机污染物、重金属的生物毒性,也会与营养盐、悬浮物等因子产生交互作用,难以确定盐化对水生生物的独立影响. 因此,今后需关注全球变暖背景下次生盐化与营养盐、重金属的耦合作用,注重我国本土水生生物的耐受性及其适应调节机制,并重视基于野外调查与室内试验两类不同数据所获得水生生物适盐范围的对比验证;同时为满足水生生物健康保护,应加强对溪流次生盐化有指示作用的水质监测指标的开发及阈值的制订.      

AQUIFER SALINIZATION IN THE YUN‐LIN COASTAL AREA,TAIWAN1

ABSTRACT: This study analyzes possible causes of shallow ground water salinization in the coastal area of Yun‐Lin. The local hydro‐geologic setting is determined from geological drilling data and sea floor topography. Three possible causes (sea water intrusion, salt water percolation through wells, and infiltration of salty water from fish ponds) are evaluated. Chloride concentration is used as an index to measure ground water salinization. Sea water intrusion is modeled by the advective/dispersive equation, and salt water infiltration from wells and fish ponds is calculated by estimating the amount of water percolated. The determined local hydrogeologic setting suggests that the shallow aquifer may be connected to the sea water, resulting in salt water intrusion as a large amount of shallow ground water is withdrawn. The percent contributions of sea water intrusion, percolation through wells, and infiltration of water from fish ponds, to the salinization of the shallow aquifer at Ko‐Hu in the Yun‐Lin coastal area are approximately 27 percent, less than 1 percent and 73 percent, respectively. The results suggest that the vertical infiltration of salt water from fish ponds is the major cause of shallow ground water salinization in the coastal area of Yun‐Lin.