乌伦古湖水量与水质变化特征及其环境效应

于2008年对乌伦古湖开展了湖泊水质水量及水生物资源的综合调查,获取了湖泊水量与水质的基本数据。在此基础上,根据湖区气候变化以及人类活动的特征,将乌伦古湖的变化归纳为4个时期:1956年以前为第一个时期,湖泊基本处于自然演化状态,湖泊的水位波动主要受气候变化影响,乌伦古河为主要补给河流;第二个时期为1956年至1970年,人类活动强度快速增加期,流域开发耗水,入湖水量减少,湖泊水位持续下降;1970年到1995年为第三个时期,在此期间,人类活动除了流域开发耗水有所增加外,乌伦古湖的水位波动主要与人类在湖区开渠建坝等活动有关;第四个时期为1995年以来,湖泊变化相对稳定,水利工程运行平稳且气候较为适宜,湖泊变化转入稳定期。然而,近年来,由于气候和人类活动的影响,湖泊处于较强烈的不稳定阶段。     

基于下垫面遥感资料的海河流域水文类型分区划分

以海河流域为研究对象,根据1956—2005年的年降雨量和水面蒸发资料、DEM、土地利用、土壤和植被覆盖遥感图,提取了反映下垫面条件和气候特征的物理因子,并以此作为分区指标,以子流域为划分单元,依据下垫面条件和气候因子的相似性和差异性,采用地理信息系统和多元统计分析的方法,将海河流域内1 399个子流域划分7类水文类型分区(HTR),并分析了各水文类型分区的空间分布特征及产汇流机制。其中HTR1、HTR2和HTR4位于平原地区,土地利用类型以耕地为主,其他水文类型分区位于山区和丘陵区。HTR1耕地面积比例最大;HTR2土壤透水性最差,易产生超渗地表径流;HTR3土壤透水性最好,易产生地下径流和壤中流;HTR4年蒸发量较大,年降雨量较小,气候最干旱;HTR5和HTR6土地利用类型分别以草地和林地为主;HTR7年降雨量较大,年蒸发量较小,气候最湿润。分区成果明确地反映了流域的下垫面情况及气候条件,分区结果与流域的地形地貌非常吻合,也反映了流域水文特征的分布规律。通过分析水文类型分区内典型流域的下垫面和气候情况以及水文特征,阐述了分区结果的准确性及合理性,为海河流域水文特征的研究及水资源评价提供了依据。     

Assessing water quality in the Ceyhan River basin (Turkey) with the use of aquatic macrophytes

As a major biotic component of many lotic ecosystems, macrophytes consist a major component of running waters are often used as indicators within the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) to establish ecological quality. In this study, we investigated macrophyte community structure (e.g. composition, abundance and diversity) in Ceyhan River Basin located in the Southeastern Anatolian Region in Turkey. Data was collected during 2014–2015 from river sites located throughout the basin to evaluate the relationship between aquatic vegetation and river physico-chemical factors. The ecological status of the river basin was also calculated based on Macrophyte Biological Index for River (IBMR). In total, 33 macrophyta taxa were observed. According to their biological classification (life form), filamentous algae (FA), free floating (FF), floating leaved (FL) and submersed (S) macrophytes reached their maximum abundance value in summer, while emergent (E) macrophytes were at their maximum abundance in both summer and autumn. The ecological status of the Ceyhan River basin ranged from moderate to bad. The values found are reasonably comparable to IBMR scores recorded in rivers of other Mediterranean countries. IBMR index may be suitable to some extent to establish a basis for ecological quality assessment in Turkish River systems.     

Nervous signs of salt poisoning in Wistar rats

Acute salt poisoning in animals leads to inflammation, gastroenteritis, and diarrhea. Neurological signs include blindness, muscular paralysis, deafness, and general weakness. In this study, nervous signs of salt poisoning in rats were examined. Twenty five Wistar rats, weighing 200 ± 20 g, were allocated randomly to five groups: 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% salt solution and control group drank tap water. Following salt solution consumption, physical and neurological examinations were performed twice daily. One percent salt solution did not produce significant neurological signs, whereas consuming 2% salt solution was associated with different nervous system effects including muscle tremor, lethargy, hyperreflexia, imbalance in movement, and rotatory rhythmic movements. Consumption of 3% and 4% salt solutions led to reduction in hearing acuity, deafness, blindness, lethargy, severe complications, intracranial hemorrhage, and mortality in a period less than one week. Consuming salt solutions higher than 1% was associated with continuous water loss, dehydration, and weight loss and concordant with these changes, hypernatremia and hyperosmolarity occurred. Decrease in sensitivity to stimuli, irritability, disorientation and incoordination, involuntary movements, ataxia, sensory and motor disturbances, blindness, weakness, respiratory distress, colonic seizures and coma, sudden and unexplained deaths were observed in affected animals.     

Energy transformations in two tropical Oxbow lakes

The flow and pattern of energy utilization in two tropical ecosystems where polyculture of fishes was practiced were studied. The rates of organic production made by the two tropical natural aquatic systems (oxbow lakes) were studied for two annual cycles. The study of utilization of energy in two tropical lakes revealed that herbivores were more efficient in energy utilization than autotrophs. The energy available in these systems was supplied by allochthonous source. Silver carp and grass carp were found to be most efficient in conversion of energy in the grazing food chain of the lake. The efficiency of the system to fish production was found to be 0.06 (OL-I) ?0.05% (OL-II) of the total available solar radiation. Various forms of life are all accompanied by energy changes, in the studied lakes were found to form a food web.     

Determination of tolerable and toxic salt concentrations in drinking water in rat,pig, and rabbit

In some geographical areas human and animal populations are compelled to use salty water. In this study, tolerable and toxic salt concentrations were evaluated in rat, pig, and rabbit. Ninety Wistar rats weighing approximately 250 g were allocated to nine groups for study. For treatment, distilled water, 0.5, 1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8 or 2% salt (NaCl) concentrations were consumed by test groups, while the control group consumed Zanjan potable water. All animals were observed twice daily for mortality or evidence of morbidity. Serum sodium levels and plasma osmolarity were measured at the onset of experiment and 120 h later. Similar experimental conditions were employed in pig and rabbit. Rat tolerated 0.5, 1, and 1.2% NaCl concentrations in drinking water but higher concentrations were toxic and life threatening, accompanied by significantly increased serum sodium levels and plasma osmolarity. This study showed that pig was the most sensitive and rabbit the most resistant species to different NaCl concentrations. Although NaCl concentrations lower than 1.4% was considered as tolerable in rat, the animal health was affected. NaCl concentrations of 1.4% and higher may jeopardize animal health and were considered as toxic amounts.     

Assessment of community-based initiatives in sustainable management of Indian dry deciduous forests

SUMMARY

This work is devoted to analyzing the pros and cons of the proposed San Ignacio Lagoon (SIL) salt production project in Baja California Sur, México. The analysis of the project was done taking into account the technical data of the main potential effects of the SIL project, and by comparing the SIL proposed actions with the data of Ojo de Liebre Lagoon, where an almost identical salt production project has been operating for more than 44 years. The analysis was done from the following perspectives: biodiversity, biosphere reserve management, and socioeconomic development. The resulting analysis of the pros and cons of the SIL salt production project addresses key aspects of sustainable development in Third World nations. The resulting analysis indicates that the SIL salt production project is compatible with the biodiversity conservation of the zone. The SIL salt production project seems to be one of the best options to attain the sustainable use of natural resources of the most arid and isolated zone of all México.     

Effects of land use on water quality of two high-altitude lakes and catchments in Yunnan Province,China

SUMMARY

Reclaiming farmland from lakes in China in the 1950s damaged the water quality of many lakes. Tremendous efforts have been made since the late 1990s to restore vegetation around the damaged lakes. This paper examines water quality of Fuxian and Qilu Lakes and land-use characteristics within the two catchments in the high-altitude area of Yunnan Province, China. Landsat TM data acquired in 1989, 1994, 1999 and 2005 were used to extract land use and land cover (LULC) information. Measurements of five water quality indices (WQIs), BOD, COD, pH, TN and TP, for the same period of time were examined. The results showed that the area of residential and forest/shrub increased, whereas that of cropland and barren land decreased from 1989 to 2005 in both catchments. Qilu Lake was much more polluted than Fuxian Lake, and pollution worsened over time for both lakes. The differences in water quality between the two lakes were caused by differences in LULC composition and continued degradation in water quality was caused by intensive farming and urban sprawl. Unless the landscape is converted back to its pre-1950 composition and structure, water quality in both lakes cannot be significantly improved and will continue to threaten sustainable development in the region.     

不同退耕年限条件下菜子湖湿地土壤理化性质变化

退耕还湖是我国长江中下游地区湿地生态恢复的重要举措.土壤理化性质指标是评价湿地生态恢复状况的重要组成部分.选取菜子湖区不同退耕年限(2、5、8、10和20 a)湿地为研究对象,通过与相邻仍耕作油菜地和原始湿地土壤理化性质的比较,揭示了退耕还湖后湿地土壤生态特征变化规律.结果表明,随着退耕年限的增加,不同土壤理化性质指标变化趋势存在差异;土壤有机质含量逐年增加;土壤全氮和碱解氮含量在退耕5 a时显著升高,而后期变化平缓;土壤全磷和有效磷含量均呈先降低后升高趋势;土壤黏粒含量逐渐增加;土壤容重呈先升高后降低趋势;土壤含水量不断增加;土壤pH值缓慢降低.退耕2 a湿地土壤生态特征仍与油菜地相似,退耕2 a后土壤生态特征开始向原始湿地方向演化.退耕20 a期间湿地表层土壤理化性质变化强烈,而亚表层变化相对平缓.回归分析表明,除土壤pH和氮素含量的回归曲线拟合不显著外,退耕湿地表层土壤黏粒含量、容重、含水量、有机质含量、全磷含量和有效磷含量恢复到原始湿地水平所需时间分别为19、23、31、26、27和22 a,快于亚表层土壤的20、31、51、40、30和23 a.     

近60年汉江流域侵蚀性降雨的时空变化特征

汉江流域是水土流失与洪涝灾害严重的地区。侵蚀性降雨是剧烈土壤水蚀的原动力,是洪涝灾害的直接致灾因子,因此对汉江流域侵蚀性降雨特征的研究具有重要的实践意义。利用汉江流域及其附近地区47个站点逐日降雨观测资料,采用常规统计学方法计算研究区逐年年降雨量、侵蚀性降雨量以及暴雨量平均值,进而得到降雨特征值逐年距平百分率及变异系数(Cv),分析了这3个将于特征值之间的相互关系,揭示了汉江流域降雨的时间变化特征。借助于地理信息系统技术,将汉江流域逐年降雨特征值在ARCGIS里采用Kriging方法进行空间插值,得到年均降雨特征值的空间分布,分析了研究区3个降雨特征值的空间分布特征。研究结果表明:1951-2012年汉江流域多年平均降雨量为886 mm,日降雨量≥12 mm的侵蚀性降雨量为614.1 mm,日降雨量≥50 mm的暴雨量为167.6 mm。研究期间内,3个降雨指标均在波动中下降,但下降趋势不显著,没有表现出显著的干湿趋势;年侵蚀性降雨量和年降雨量变化具有显著的一致性,但侵蚀性降雨的变化幅度大于降雨量的变化幅度;年暴雨量的变化特征与年降雨量的变化特征亦相似,但年暴雨量的波动幅度较年侵蚀性降雨量、年降雨量更大。1951-2012年汉江流域年均降雨量、侵蚀性降雨量及年暴雨量在空间上均从东南向西北递减,降雨的异常程度很高。研究结果可增进对汉江流域降雨变化规律的认识,为汉江上游植被生态恢复及中下游的防洪减灾提供参考意见。