仪征市耕地土壤环境质量调查与分析

本文以仪征市现有耕地土壤为调查对象,通过布点、采样、检测、统计,结果表明,仪征市沿江圩区长江冲积母质发育的土壤比丘陵地区下蜀黄土重金属含量相对较高,土壤重金属含量多年来有升高现象,少数田块存在高残农药的残留,点源污染和农药污染对耕地环境质量的影响不容忽视,需要采取工程、生物和化学等技术对土壤进行修复。     

What-You-Look-For-Is-What-You-Find – The consequences of underlying accident models in eight accident investigation manuals

Accident investigation manuals are influential documents on various levels in a safety management system, and it is therefore important to appraise them in the light of what we currently know – or assume – about the nature of accidents. Investigation manuals necessarily embody or represent an accident model, i.e., a set of assumptions about how accidents happen and what the important factors are. In this paper we examine three aspects of accident investigation as described in a number of investigation manuals. Firstly, we focus on accident models and in particular the assumptions about how different factors interact to cause – or prevent – accidents, i.e., the accident “mechanisms”. Secondly, we focus on the scope in the sense of the factors (or factor domains) that are considered in the models – for instance (hu)man, technology, and organization (MTO). Thirdly, we focus on the system of investigation or the activities that together constitute an accident investigation project/process. We found that the manuals all used complex linear models. The factors considered were in general (hu)man, technology, organization, and information. The causes found during an investigation reflect the assumptions of the accident model, following the ‘What-You-Look-For-Is-What-You-Find’ or WYLFIWYF principle. The identified causes typically became specific problems to be fixed during an implementation of solutions. This follows what can be called ‘What-You-Find-Is-What-You-Fix’ or WYFIWYF principle.     

Facile and Sensitive Spectrophotometric Determination of Carbosulfan in Formulations and Environmental Samples

Facile, selective and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of carbosulfan in insecticidal formulations, fortified water, food grains, agriculture wastewater and soil samples with newly synthesized reagents. The method was based on acid and alkaline hydrolysis of the carbosulfan pesticide, and the resultant hydrolysis product of carbosulfan was coupled with 2,6-dibromo-4-methylaniline to give a yellow color product with λ _max of 464 nm or interaction with 2,6-dibromo-4-nitroaniline to produce yellow colored product with λ _max of 408 nm or coupling with 2,4,6-tribromoaniline to form red colored product has a λ _max of 471 nm. Under optimal conditions, Beer’s law range for 2,6-dibromo-4-methylaniline (DBMA) was found to be 0.2–12.0 μg ml⁻¹, 0.6–16.0 μg ml⁻¹ for 2,6-dibromo-4-nitroaniline (DBNA) and 0.4–15.0 μg ml⁻¹ for 2,4,6-tribromoaniline (TBA). The molar absorptivity of the color systems were found to be 3.112 × 10⁴ l mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹ for DBMA, 3.214 × 10⁴ l mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹ for DBNA and 3.881 × 10⁴ l mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹ for TBA. Sandell’s of the color reactions are 0.013 μg cm⁻² (DBMA), 0.012 μg cm⁻² (DBNA) and 0.011 μg cm⁻² (TBA) respectively. The effect of the non-target species on the determination of carbosulfan was studied to enhance the selectivity of the proposed methods. The formation of colored derivatives with the coupling agents is instantaneous and stable for 28, 30, and 26 h. Performance of the proposed methods were compared statistically in terms Student’s F and t-tests with the reported methods. An erratum to this article can be found at     

便携式分光光度计测定水中总磷

采用螺旋口瓶盖密封消解 -便携式分光光度计建立了环境水样中总磷的分析方法。该法与 GB1 1 893 89(过硫酸钾 -钼蓝法 )方法有良好的可比性。分析结果具有良好的准确性与重现性 ,方法对标准样品的准确度在 98%以上 ,检出限为 0 0 2 2 mg L,变异系数在 0 6 %～ 2 4 %之间 ;实际水样的测试结果与 GB1 1 893-89法的偏差为 2 %～ 4 % ;工业废水的加标回收率为 1 0 2 %～ 1 0 5 %。该方法可应用于污染源的抽查和突发性水环境污染事故的现场监测。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定尘土样品中贵金属元素的研究

建立了用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定尘土样品中贵金属元素Au、Pt、Pd、Ir、Ru、Rh的方法.样品用王水微波消解后,试液直接用ICP-MS同时测定上述6种贵金属元素.以Sc、Y、In作为内标物质,补偿了基体效应;选择适当的待测元素同位素克服了质谱干扰;确定了最佳测定条件.结果表明,6种贵金属元素的检出限为0.004～0.006 μg/L,线性关系良好,相关系数r≥0.999 2,回收率为83%～97%,RSD＜3.6%.该法准确、快速、简便,已成功地应用于尘土样品中微量贵金属元素的测定.     

危险化学品安全隐患调查及预防措施探讨

通过对辽宁省丹东市危险化学品、危险源的安全隐患调查,结合实例分析了危险化学品对人身安全、生存环境、社会稳定等方面带来的巨大影响,并提出了相应的预防措施.     

兴盐界河民主村断面水环境质量溯源调查分析

以民主村断面上游为研究对象，利用有机物非靶向筛查技术，结合现场快速筛查、实验室分析及现场实地勘查结果，判断重点监测区域污染情况，并使用卫星遥感、无人机及现场排查对民主村断面所在的兴盐界河开展全流域排查。结果表明，兴盐界河沿线排污口众多，民主村断面汇水区域及兴盐界河沿线广泛受到养殖业、生活源、种植业污染，河内源污染严重，加之水流不畅、汛期放大污染等自然因素，导致断面水质无法稳定达标，全年平均水质超Ⅲ类。     

典型城市区域VOCs走航监测技术应用及污染特征分析

利用膜进样-单光子电离-飞行时间质谱技术在线VOCs走航监测系统,对某城市11个行政区域进行长达15个月的连续走航监测。走航过程采取了全程序质量控制,保证了监测结果的可靠性。走航结果显示:该城市的ΣVOCs浓度均值范围为107~305 μg/m³,共发现761个浓度异常点位,VOCs组成占比由高到低依次为芳香烃、烷烃、烯烃、卤代烃、含氧含氮烃和有机硫,VOCs排放贡献主要来自于溶剂挥发和机动车排放。该城市区域内生成臭氧的前体物关键物种为丙烯、丁烯、二甲苯/乙苯、甲苯、三甲苯。臭氧生成量较大的行业主要为表面涂装、炼油石化和橡胶塑料。按照不同行政区的行业构成进行有针对性的管控,各区域异常点位有效整改率为87%~100%,整改效果较好。走航监测可在秒级时间内输出监测数据,时空分辨率较高,既适用于区域内短时间污染排查,也可用于大尺度区域大气VOCs污染状况的长期连续监测,快速获取VOCs排放特征,在区域VOCs污染高效管控中具有广泛应用前景。