城市生活垃圾卫生填埋场选址研究

结合城市垃圾卫生填埋场的实例和工程实践的经验,分别从城市总体规划、场址自然地理条件、填埋场的库容、场地外部建设条件和满足社会法律的要求等几个方面对填埋场的场址的选择做了详细的分析和探讨。     

寒冷地区垃圾渗滤液产生量预测研究

东北地区4季变化明显,冬季寒冷,冰冻期较长,渗滤液的产生具有明显的不连续性.为了考查该气候条件下渗滤液产生量的变化情况以及回灌对渗滤液产生量的影响,在室外建立2个处理同类生活垃圾的模拟垃圾填埋场,其中1个渗滤液不回灌做为对照,另1个带有渗滤液回流装置,进行全年渗滤液产生量的跟踪监测.在对垃圾渗滤液产生量预测模型进行综合比较的基础上,基于全年降雨量和渗滤液产生量的实测数据,采用线性回归确定了经验公式法的模型参数,通过模型预测值与现场实测值的对比,分析了预测模型的可靠性与准确性,从而为寒冷地区垃圾填埋场渗滤液产生量的预测、收集和处理系统的设计以及渗滤液回灌技术的推广应用提供科学依据.     

干湿循环作用对堆石长期变形影响的试验研究

堆石体存在流变,不仅与荷载有关,而且与日晒雨淋引起的干湿循环有关。通过室内试验模拟日晒雨淋引起的干湿循环作用,研究其对堆石体长期变形的影响。试验结果表明,荷载作用流变很快趋于稳定,测得的流变量也相对较小;偏应力状态干湿循环作用引起的长期变形非常明显,其变形占后期变形总量的50%~70%,且后期变形的衰减远小于荷载单独作用引起的流变,这对于坝体的安全和稳定的影响是不容忽视的。根据试验研究揭示的变形规律,本文建立了相应的计算干湿循环变形的数值模型,可用于有限元计算。     

生活垃圾填埋场细菌气溶胶粒径分布及种群特征

卫生填埋是一种常用的生活垃圾处置方法.在倾倒、堆放、推平和压实等垃圾填埋过程中,有大量带有致病菌的微生物气溶胶逸散,污染空气,危害人体健康.本研究在华北地区某生活垃圾卫生填埋场设置采样点,采集空气中的细菌气溶胶,解析细菌气溶胶的浓度、粒径分布和种群特征,研究空气温度、相对湿度以及风速对细菌气溶胶逸散的影响.结果表明,作业区和覆盖区空气细菌浓度分别为(5 437±572) CFU·m~(-3)和(2 707±396) CFU·m~(-3).垃圾渗滤液处理区空气中的细菌气溶胶浓度最高,平均为9 460 CFU·m~(-3).细菌气溶胶的浓度呈现明显的季节变化,夏季浓度明显高于其他季节.冗余分析(RDA)显示,气象参数如相对湿度、温度和风速,显著影响细菌气溶胶在空气中的数量.作业区和覆盖区空气细菌粒径分布高峰分别在2. 1～4. 7μm和0. 65～2. 1μm.渗滤液处理逸散的细菌气溶胶大部分大于4. 7μm. Moraxellaceae,Bacillus aerius,Arcobacter以及Aeromonas是垃圾填埋场细菌气溶胶中检出潜在或机会致病菌.     

Comparative assessment of respiratory and other occupational health effects among elementary workers

Objective. This study was conducted to assess hazards faced by elementary workers. Methods. A questionnaire survey and a respiratory function test (spirometry) were carried out on 150 respondents. Results. Major hazards identified related to sharp objects, heavy weight lifting, thermally harsh conditions, working at height, whole body vibration, chemicals, pathogens, increased noise levels and confined space entry. Workers suffered from upper and lower respiratory disorder symptoms, digestive problems, optical and musculoskeletal issues, etc. Spirometric measurement showed obstructive lung disorders to be highest among construction workers (CW) (48%) followed by sanitation workers (SW) (32%) and solid waste pickers (SWP) (28%). Restrictive lung pattern was dominant among SW (56%) followed by SWP (46%) and CW (42%). The observed FEV₁/FVC in diseased SWP, SW and CW ranged from 51 to 96%, from 52 to 98% and from 31 to 99% respectively while observed mean FEV₁ was 2.15, 1.79 and 1.70 L, respectively. Conclusion. The study findings show that occupational exposure can significantly influence respiratory system impairment and contribute to other ailments among elementary workers. The study recommends use of appropriate protective equipment and regular medical examination for early recognition of any health risk so that timely interventions for effective management may be undertaken.     

水泥新型干法工艺工程项目卫生防护距离确定

结合我国水泥新型干法最新发展工艺与技术,合理估算了2500t/d与5000t/d典型规模新型干法窑粉尘无组织排放量,根据大气环境影响预测、卫生防护计算及水泥项目竣工验收粉尘无组织监测结果,确定新型干法水泥项目粉尘排放单元与居民区之间最小卫生防护距离为150～300m,并对GB18068-2000《水泥厂卫生防护距离标准》提出了调整建议值。     

Production and the application of anaerobic granular sludge produced by landfill

Sludge granulation is considered to be the most critical parameter governing successful operation of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactors. Pre-granulated seeding sludge could greatly reduce the required start-up time. Two lab-scale and a pilot-scale EGSB reactors were operated to treat Shaoxing Wastewater Treatment Plant containing wastewater from real engineering printing and dyeing with high pH and sulfate concentration. The microbiological structure and the particle size distribution in aerobic excess sludge, sanitary landfill sludge digested for one year, and the granular sludge of EGSB reactor after 400 d of operation were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and sieves. The lab-scale EGSB reactor seeded with anaerobic sludge after digestion for one year in landfill showed obviously better total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) removal efficiency than one seeded with aerobic excess sludge after cation polyacrylamide flocculation-concentration and dehydration. The TCOD removed was 470.8 mg/L in pilot scale EGSB reactor at short hydraulic retention time of 15 h. SEM of sludge granules showed that the microbiological structure of the sludge from different sources showed some differences. SEM demonstrated that Methanobacterium sp. was present in the granules of pilot-scale EGSB and the granular sludge produced by landfill contained a mixture of anaerobic/anoxic organisms in abundance. The particle size distribution in EGSB demonstrated that using anaerobic granular sludge produced by sanitary landfill as the seeding granular sludge was feasible.     

九寨黄龙机场填方高边坡静力稳定性分析

某机场工程位于青藏高原东缘高山峡谷区,飞行区横跨5条大的冲沟,最大填方高度102 m。本文利用三维有限元法对地基沉降、填方边坡稳定性等问题进行了分析,对工程施工提出了相应的建议。     

城市综合污水处理厂污泥处理技术及应用

根据处理城市污水污泥的目的和要求，结合广州地区污泥成分，从污泥的减量化、稳定化、无害化及资源化4个方面阐述了常规的处理方法及发展方向，介绍了污泥处理过程中各种方法的优缺点。     

Environmental factors affecting growth of grasses,herbs and woody plants on a sanitary landfill

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