项目管理在大型环境整治工程建设中的重要性研究

随着现代工程专业化水平和复杂程度的日益增长,高质量的项目管理已经成为目前大型工程顺利建成的重要保障之一。本文以苏州河环境整治工程项目管理工作为基础,通过对现代工程项目管理特点和重要性进行梳理、分析,论述了项目管理对大型工程的重要性,并根据实际工作经验,从项目信息管理、工作量统计、文明施工管理、工程档案管理等方面入手,成功完成该项目建设任务。结合所得工作成果,提出下一阶段项目管理工作的改进建议,所得成果极具现实意义。     

SDBS/Na+对红壤胶体悬液稳定性的影响

土壤中普遍存在的有机污染物和无机离子与土壤胶体颗粒的相互作用深刻地影响着土壤中一系列物理、化学和生物学过程.选取红壤胶体作为对象,利用动态光散射技术研究了不同浓度十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和Na+作用下红壤胶体颗粒的凝聚过程,并结合体系的pH和Zeta电位分析了SDBS/Na+与土壤胶体颗粒相互作用的机制.结果表明:①相同浓度Na+作用下,随着SDBS浓度的升高,土壤胶体悬液稳定性增强.例如120 mmol·L-1Na+作用下,随着SDBS浓度从0 mmol·L-1升高到10 mmol·L-1,凝聚体有效粒径从702 nm下降至193 nm,总体平均凝聚速率从28.6 nm·min-1减小到3.36 nm·min-1;②相同浓度SDBS作用下,随着Na+浓度的升高,体系Zeta电位绝对值显著降低,凝聚体有效粒径逐渐增大,凝聚速率逐渐加快;③仅SDBS作用下,随着SDBS浓度的升高,体系Zeta电位绝对值从47.6 mV增加到62.2 mV,体系pH从6.17升高到6.76,但均小于土壤胶体悬液本身的pH(6.89).因此,SDBS通过疏水作用和静电作用吸附于土壤胶体颗粒表面,增加了颗粒表面的负电荷数量,降低了作用于胶体颗粒表面的有效Na+浓度(SDBS疏水长链的空间阻碍和高浓度SDBS所形成的胶束结构对Na+的吸附),使得胶体悬液稳定性增强,需要添加更多的Na+才能发生凝聚.     

小尺度精细化大气污染源排放清单的建立——以上海宝山区为例

工业密集区域具有复杂的排放特征,是目前排放清单建立的难点之一.以上海市宝山区为研究区域,采用自下而上的方式建立了工业密集区域的精细化大气污染物排放清单.通过整合多套现有的污染源数据库,对排放量估算进行质量控制,提高各污染物排放量估算的准确性;运用现场勘查和GPS定位对排放口进行定位,以弥补数据库中定位数据的缺失,并提高排放口定位数据的精确度.结果表明:工业区污染排放特征不同于一般区域,建议在小尺度排放清单的研制中需要特别关注.同时探索了在小尺度区域建立精细化污染源排放清单的可行性以及可能存在的问题,将为大尺度排放清单的建立提供有益的参考.     

Size distribution, characteristics and sources of heavy metals in haze episod in Beijing

Size segragated samples were collected during high polluted winter haze days in 2006 in Beijing, China. Twenty nine elements and 9 water soluble ions were determined. Heavy metals of Zn, Pb, Mn, Cu, As, Cr, Ni, V and Cd were deeply studied considering their toxic effect on human being. Among these heavy metals, the levels of Mn, As and Cd exceeded the reference values of National Ambient Air Quality Standard （GB3095-2012） and guidelines of World Health Organization. By estimation, high percentage of atmospheric heavy metals in PM2.5 indicates it is an effective way to control atmospheric heavy metals by PM2.5 controlling. Pb, Cd, and Zn show mostly in accumulation mode, V, Mn and Cu exist mostly in both coarse and accumulation modes, and Ni and Cr exist in all of the three modes. Considering the health effect, the breakthrough rates of atmospheric heavy metals into pulmonary alveoli are： Pb （62.1%） 〉 As （58.1%） 〉 Cd （57.9%） 〉 Zn （57.7%） 〉 Cu （55.8%） 〉 Ni （53.5%） 〉 Cr （52.2%） 〉 Mn （49.2%） 〉 V （43.5%）. Positive matrix factorization method was applied for source apportionment of studied heavy metals combined with some marker elements and ions such as K, As, SO42- etc., and four factors （dust, vehicle, aged and transportation, unknown） are identified and the size distribution contribution of them to atmospheric heavy metals are discussed.     

Metal composition of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) regulating ClO4- adsorption to calcined LDHs via the memory effect and hydrogen bonding

A series of calcined carbonate layered double hydroxides （CLDHs） with various metal compositions and different M^2＋/M^3＋ ratios were prepared as adsorbents for perchlorate. Adsorption isotherms fit Langmuir model well, and the adsorption amount followed the order of MgA1-CLDHs 1〉 MgFeCLDHs 〉〉 ZnA1-CLDHs. The isotherms of MgA1-CLDHs and MgFe-CLDHs displayed a two-step shape at low and high concentration ranges and increased with an increase in the M^2＋/M^3＋ ratio from 2 to 4. The two-step isotherm was not observed for ZnA1-CLDHs, and the adsorption was minimally affected by the M^2＋/M^3＋ ratio. The LDHs, CLDHs and the reconstructed samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, SEM, FT-IR and Raman spectra to delineate the analysis of perchlorate adsorption mechanisms. The perchlorate adsorption of MgA1-CLDHs and MgFe-CLDHs was dominated by the structural memory effect and the hydrogen bonds between the free hydroxyl groups on the reconstructed-LDHs and the oxygen atoms of the perchlorates. For ZnAI-CLDHs, the perchlorate adsorption was controlled by the structural memory effect only, as the hydroxyl groups on the hydroxide layers preferred to form strong hydrogen bonds with carbonate over perchlorate, which locked the intercalated perchlorate into a more confined nano-interlayer. Several distinct binding mechanisms of perchlorate by CLDHs with unique M^2＋ ions were proposed.     

基于氢氧稳定同位素的黄土高原云下二次蒸发效应

根据GNIP提供的1985年1月至2004年12月黄土高原8个站点的409个降水同位素数据及同期的气象资料,结合HYSPLIT 4.9模型,分析了该区δ18O和d的时空分布特征,计算了二次蒸发的比率,并对不同气象因子影响二次蒸发的程度作了探讨,得到以下结论:1冬季风和夏季风期间,在黄土高原内由南向北δ18O呈上升趋势,d呈下降趋势;自东向西δ18O仅在夏季风期间有上升趋势,而在冬季风期间呈现下降趋势,d总呈现下降的趋势,δ18O和d的变化幅度可以指示季风的路径.2该区全年存在二次蒸发效应,夏季风期间最为明显,蒸发比率介于1.51%~5.88%之间,平均值为3.87%.冬季风期间蒸发比率总体较低,介于1.06%~5.46%之间,平均值也降为3.03%.黄土高原边缘站点蒸发比率受季风变化影响较大,而中部站点受季风变化影响较小.3温度对二次蒸发的影响较大,降水量和水汽压其次,相对湿度较小.此外,风速和海拔对二次蒸发的影响较弱.     

虎耳草和麦冬对生活污水的净化效果研究

分别用虎耳草和麦冬2种陆生植物进行构建小型污水净化系统,与无植物对照组进行对比,研究其在冬季气温条件下,对生活污水的净化效果.实验结果表明,经过27 d的试验,虎耳草和麦冬长势良好,生活污水水质得到明显改善.虎耳草组和麦冬组对试验水体COD的去除率为86.00%和81.91%,TN的去除率为87.38%和82.99%,TP的去除率为88.22%和87.43%,分别较无植物对照组去除率高出3~7、11~15和11~12个百分点.总体来看,虎耳草和麦冬均适用于冬季条件下生活污水的净化,虎耳草净化效果优于麦冬.     

Making sense of complexity in risk governance in post-disaster Fukushima fisheries: A scalar approach

This paper evaluates how geographical theories of scale can give a more robust understanding of the governance of complex environmental risks. We assess the case of fisheries in Iwaki City, Fukushima Prefecture in Japan following the 2011 nuclear disaster. Fisheries in Iwaki and Fukushima more widely are operating on a trial basis as understanding of the marine radiation situation becomes clearer, however questions remain over whether consumers will buy produce and to what extent full-scale fisheries will resume. Based on empirical fieldwork undertaken in Fukushima plus supporting documentary analysis, we construct a scalar account of post-disaster Iwaki fisheries. We use this to argue that framing post-disaster fisheries governance at the municipal scale rather than the prefectural scale has opened up opportunities for enacting the more two-way forms of risk governance that contemporary environmental issues may require. We also argue locally-situated ‘experts’ (e.g. fisheries extension officers and citizen science groups) play a key role in negotiating citizens’ and fishers’ relationships with larger-scale scientific discourses due to their ability to work across scales, despite having less techno-scientific expertise than their national-level counterparts. In turn, we suggest that in governance of complex environmental issues, policymakers ought to (a) consider how community-level expectations may differ from risk governance processes developed at larger scales; (b) identify key institutions or figures who can work across scales and support them accordingly; and (c) show cognisance to the social effects that may arise from spatial demarcation of environmental problems.     

Populations of orchids at the northern limit of their distribution (Murmansk Oblast): Effect of climate

The effect of climatic conditions on the dynamics of 21 populations of 10 species of the family Orchidaceae at the northern limit of their range in Europe was studied between 1992 and 2004. The abundance of orchid populations proved to depend primarily on air temperature during the previous and current growing seasons.     

应对二氧化碳浓度上升问题的研究:CO_2的捕获、储存与利用

为了缓解日益严重的CO2浓度升高导致的温室效应等环境问题,针对各国CO2过量排放与温室效应逐渐加剧的现状,讨论传统CO2减排方法与CO2的捕获、储存与利用(CCSU)的优缺点和优势互补,论述针对大型CO2排放点的减排措施——CCSU的必要性。对CCSU进行系统的介绍和认识,并对CCSU所包含的各种捕获技术、储存技术以及利用技术的特点进行对比和分析,论述其适用范围、地域和经济因素。结合国外一些现有的应用CO2的先进技术和经验,对CO2的捕获与利用的联用作出分析和展望。尤其是CO2的化工利用具有广阔的研发和发展前景,CO2EOR(CO2提高采收率技术)在技术和经济上具有实际应用意义。为新型环保型能源体系的建设提供参考。