城市生活垃圾的DSC和TGA分析与热值估算

利用微分扫描量热仪（ＤＳＣ）准确地测定了城市生活垃圾的含水率；热重分析仪（ＴＧＡ）测定了垃圾的水和低温下有机物总含量、难挥发性有机物和灼烧残渣的含量。根据量热和热量分析结果，可方便地计算垃圾的水和低温条件下易挥发性有机物含量，结合６０９种有机物的燃烧热，估算了垃圾的热值。     

Scanning proton microprobe microanalysis for the assessment of homogeneity of IAEA urban dust reference materials

In order to develop new reference materials for microanalytical nuclear techniques, scanning proton microprobe(SPM) technique was used to determine homogeneity level within 100x200 μm2 micro-area on the small pieces of IAEA urban dust reference materials. The experimental methods were described in detail. The results show that IAEA-396A/M Vienna urban dust is homogeneous enough for small sample analysis of standard reference material (SRM).     

投加颗粒活性炭强化餐厨垃圾的厌氧处理

通过投加颗粒活性炭（GAC）强化直接种间电子传递（DIET）进而提升餐厨垃圾的厌氧产甲烷处理效能,并研究了GAC投加导致的微生物群落变化.研究发现,投加了GAC的实验组反应器能够在更高的有机负荷下（10.4kgCOD/（m³·d））稳定运行并维持较高的甲烷产率,不投加GAC的对照组在有机负荷7.8kgCOD/（m³·d）时甲烷产率及pH值均明显降低,挥发酸大量积累,反应器酸化崩溃.微生物群落结构分析发现,GAC表面富集了大量可以胞外电子传递的细菌（占细菌丰度的34%）和可以参与DIET的产甲烷菌（占古菌丰度的88%）,表明GAC的加入可以有效富集这两类微生物的生长,并可能通过GAC强化DIET促进了餐厨垃圾的厌氧消化.     

Biofilm structure and its influence on clogging in drip irrigation emitters distributing reclaimed wastewater

Using reclaimed wastewater for crop irrigation is a practical alternative to discharge wastewater treatment plant effluents into surface waters.However,biofouling has been identified as a major contributor to emitter clogging in drip irrigation systems distributing reclaimed wastewater.Little is known about the biofilm structure and its influence on clogging in the drip emitter flow path.This study was first to investigate the microbial characteristics of mature biofilms present in the emitters and the effect of flow path structures on the biofilm microbial communities.The analysis of biofilm matrix structure using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that particles in the matrix of the biofilm coupled extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and formed sediment in the emitter flow path.Analysis of biofilm mass including protein,polysaccharide and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) showed that emitter flow path style influenced biofilm community structure and diversity.The correlations of biofilm biomass and discharge reduction after 360 h irrigation were computed and suggest that PFLAs provide the best correlation coefficient.Comparatively,the emitter with the unsymmetrical dentate structure and shorter flow path (Emitter C) had the best anti-clogging capability.By optimizing the dentate structure,the internal flow pattern within the flow path could be enhanced as an important method to control the biofilm within emitter flow path.This study established electron microscope techniques and biochemical microbial analysis methods that may provide a framework for future emitter biofilm studies.     

武汉阳逻砾石层ESR地层年代学研究

武汉"阳逻砾石层"是长江中下游新生代的一个重要的岩石地层单位,其形成年代一直是地质和地理学者关注的重要问题。为了更深入地探讨这一问题,在它的两个典型的剖面中采集了8个样品进行ESR地质年代测试,测试结果表明,阳逻砾石层形成于新近纪早更新世中晚期。将本次ESR测年数据与前人的热释光的测年数据、江汉平原西缘和北缘相同岩石地层层位和相同地貌位置的砾石层的测年数据、长江中下游网纹砾石层的测年数据比较发现,它们具有较好的一致性。     

生物柴油的碳烟形貌及影响因素分析

使用热场发射扫描电子显微镜拍摄了5种生物柴油和0号柴油在常温常压状态下燃烧产生的碳烟照片,分析了碳烟粒子的形貌及影响形貌和生成量的因素。研究表明,碳烟粒子多呈球状,平均直径在35～75nm之间,粒径分布符合高斯分布,总体排列呈现链状或者块状;碳烟形貌及生成量与火焰温度、燃料的氧含量、芳香烃含量、硫含量以及十六烷值等因素有关,与柴油相比,生物柴油燃烧火焰温度高、含氧量高、芳香烃和硫含量少,十六烷值高,使生物柴油的碳烟粒径普遍较小,整体排列更紧密,粘结程度更强。     

COD/TP比及NO_2~--N/TP对短程反硝化聚磷的影响

污水中COD/TP比和NO2--N/TP比对A/A/OSBR反硝化聚磷工艺运行有重要的影响。实验结果表明:随着COD/TP比值的增加,厌氧释磷增加、厌氧释磷速率提高。但当COD/TP比值为28.5时,过剩的碳源进入缺氧段,反硝化菌利用外碳源消耗,抑制了缺氧吸磷过程;当COD/TP比值为21时,合成的PHB不足,缺氧吸磷效率下降,而且长期在较低COD/TP比条件下运行,激发了聚糖菌与聚磷菌的竞争,聚磷菌处于竞争的劣势,反硝化聚磷能力最终消失;当COD/PO43--P为25时,短程反硝化聚磷效果最佳。NO2--N/TP比与COD/TP的比值相关联,在COD/TP=25的条件下,合适的NO2--N/TP比为3。当NO2--N/PO43--P为5时,SBR上一周期剩余的NO2-会影响厌氧释磷过程。当NO2--N/TP为1.8时,NO2-不足,会使反硝化聚磷过程不完全。     

聚磷菌在不同碳源下的反硝化研究

利用SBR系统对聚磷菌进行了培养,并通过荧光原位杂交手段检测了系统中聚磷菌Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis的富集程度.聚磷菌也是一种普通异养菌,为了研究它的反硝化能力,排除了聚磷菌的正常释磷和吸磷过程,仅考察在不同碳源下反硝化性能.结果表明,乙酸和PHB都能成为聚磷菌反硝化的电子供体.当以乙酸为外在单一碳源时,其反硝化速率和PHB生成速率与起始硝酸盐浓度无关,但是当起始状态硝酸盐浓度越高时,消耗单位乙酸生成的PHB和硝酸盐还原量越小.以PHB为内在碳源和能源时,聚磷菌的反硝化速率呈现对于基质(硝酸盐)的零级动力学反应,比反硝化速率为0.973 3mg/(g.h),此外PHB平均比消耗速率为(以PHB计)2.462 6 mg/(g.h).     

Evaluation of multiple reactions in dilute benzoyl peroxide concentrations with additives using calorimetric technology

Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) is a typical organic peroxide widely used in food processing, particularly flour bleaching. Due to the unstable nature of the oxygen-oxygen bond in BPO, it readily reacts under even mid-low-temperature conditions. Lower concentrations of BPO are also potentially explosive, even when combined with acid or alkaline additives. Given the history of both potential and documented industrial accidents, this study investigates the thermal stability of various BPO concentrations when mixed with acid or alkaline solutions. In addition, differential and integral kinetic models were applied to verify that the apparent activation energy data from the differential scanning calorimetry experiments were valid. The results of autocatalysis reactions and nth-order reaction simulations presented characteristics consistent with the experimental findings. The findings in this paper can be used as a reference for BPO products that are mediated with either an acid or an alkaline solution during production, storage, transportation, or use.     

柴油/碳酸二甲酯燃烧颗粒的微观结构和分形特征

为降低柴油机颗粒物排放,探讨了柴油机燃用柴油/碳酸二甲酯混合燃料燃烧颗粒微观结构和分形特征的变化规律. 采用扫描电镜、透射电镜和SAXS(同步辐射小角X射线散射)相结合的方法,针对DMC(碳酸二甲酯)添加量(以w计)对柴油机燃烧颗粒微观结构和分形特征参数的影响规律进行了研究. 结果表明:与柴油燃烧颗粒相比,D10〔w(DMC)为10%〕、D20〔w(DMC)为10%〕燃烧颗粒的碳粒子平均层面间距分别增加了5.3%、15.1%,弯曲度平均值分别增加了4.0%和10.3%,表明燃烧颗粒的氧化活性增加;与柴油相比,D10、D20燃烧颗粒的质量分形维数分别增加了0.44和0.52,下限均升高了0.2,SAXS与电镜图像对燃烧颗粒的质量分形维数的分析结果相一致,即质量分形维数随DMC添加量的增加而升高,表明燃烧颗粒的团聚程度提高;与柴油燃烧颗粒相比,D10、D20燃烧颗粒表面分形维数的下限分别升高了0.1和0.2,表明其燃烧颗粒表面的粗糙程度和不规则程度提高;与柴油燃烧颗粒相比,D10、D20燃烧颗粒的活化能分别降低了3.9和7.9 kJ/mol,表明燃烧颗粒的氧化活性随着DMC添加量的增加而增强,验证了燃烧颗粒微观尺寸结构和分形特征的研究结果. 研究显示,柴油中添加DMC能够提高燃烧颗粒的氧化活性,燃烧颗粒的氧化活性越强,其在后处理过程中就越易被氧化,有助于降低柴油机的颗粒物排放.