北方湖库沉积物重金属区域特征及生态风险评价

以白洋淀、衡水湖、于桥水库、松花湖、大伙房水库和小兴凯湖沉积作为研究对象,通过对北方六湖库沉积物中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni等重金属元素进行分析,并与国内外其他水域重金属污染情况进行多因素比较,探讨了六湖库主要重金属污染源的差异性,区域分布特征以及与国内外其他水域污染的相似性和区别.结果表明,六湖库沉积物重金属污染处于中等偏下水平.六湖库之间主要重金属污染源存在差别.沉积物重金属含量未出现明显上升的趋势.其中Zn、Pb存在富集现象,但Pb含量与历史数据相比出现下降,Zn的含量与其他地区相比整体偏高.大伙房水库沉积物重金属污染较重,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni含量平均值分别为56.28,142.3,17.44,97.9,44.44mg/kg.小兴凯湖沉积物重金属含量最低,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni含量平均值分别为2.41,63.90,13.37,56.36,26.09mg/kg.六湖库综合风险评价结果为大伙房水库>于桥水库>白洋淀>衡水湖>松花湖>小兴凯湖,重金属整体潜在生态风险指数为低.     

Aerosol optical properties under different pollution levels in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region of China

To clarify the aerosol hygroscopic growth and optical properties of the Pearl River Delta(PRD)region,integrated observations were conducted in Heshan City of Guangdong Province from October 19 to November 17,2014.The concentrations and chemical compositions of PM_(2.5),aerosol optical properties and meteorological parameters were measured.The mean value of PM_(2.5) increased from less than 35(excellent) to 35-75 μg/m~3(good) and then to greater than 75 μg/m~3(pollution),corresponding to mean PM_(2.5) values of 24.9,51.2,and 93.3 μg/m~3,respectively.The aerosol scattering hygroscopic growth factor(f(RH = 80%)) values were 2.0,2.12,and 2.18 for the excellent,good,and pollution levels,respectively.The atmospheric extinction coefficient(σext)and the absorption coefficient of aerosols(σ_(ap)) increased,and the single scattering albedo(SSA)decreased from the excellent to the pollution levels.For different air mass sources,under excellent and good levels,the land air mass from northern Heshan had lower f(RH) and σ_(sp) values.In addition,the mixed aerosol from the sea and coastal cities had lower f(RH) and showed that the local sources of coastal cities have higher scattering characteristics in pollution periods.     

底泥原位洗脱过程中氮磷含量与形态变化特征

随着城市化进程的不断推进,城市河流底泥中内源氮磷污染问题日益突出.为研究原位洗脱技术对污染底泥中氮、磷物质和成分的作用效果,以北京市凉水河作为研究对象,分别比较了现场试验洗脱与对照组0~30 cm分层底泥以及实验室模拟洗脱处理前后0~10 cm底泥中pH、E_h（氧化还原电位）、容重、含水率、OM（有机质）、TN、TP和氮、磷形态分布的变化特征.结果表明:①现场洗脱对0~5 cm厚度底泥的处理和模拟洗脱处理均对底泥中pH、E_h、含水率的改变以及其中TN、TP的去除效果表现显著,其中,现场试验洗脱组0~5 cm范围底泥中w（TN）、w（TP）分别较对照组降低了66.4%±17.4%、40.8%±24.4%,模拟洗脱处理对底泥中OM、TN、TP的去除率分别达70.1%±4.8%、66.8%±2.0%、43.1%±3.1%.②原位洗脱技术对底泥中TN的去除主要通过对PON（颗粒态有机氮）的去除来实现,现场和模拟试验过程中PON对TN去除的贡献率分别达55.0%和73.6%.③原位洗脱对底泥中TP的去除主要通过对Al-P（铝结合态磷）、OP（有机磷）的去除来实现,现场和模拟试验中Al-P、OP对TP去除的贡献率分别达37.0%、66.2%和31.3%、43.7%.研究显示,原位洗脱技术可有效去除城市河流底泥处理层中的氮磷物质,并以有机氮、磷物质的去除为主.      

Investigation of chlorinated phenols sorption mechanisms on different layers of the Danube alluvial sediment

The characteristics of the Danube river alluvial sediment are of great importance in assessing the risk for transport of pollutants to drinking water sources. Characterization of the sediment column layers has shown that the alluvial sediment, sampled near the city of Novi Sad, is a mesoporous sandy material with certain differences in the properties of individual layers. In order to investigate the sorption mechanisms of four chlorinated phenols (CPs) on the alluvial deposit, static sorption experiments were performed at pH 4, 7 and 10. The results of sorption experiments, confirmed by principal components analysis sugest different mechanisms govern the sorption process at different pH conditions. This can be attributed to the molecular characteristics of CPs, geosorbent properties and to variations in the surface charge of the sorbent at different pH conditions.     

水源水库贫营养好氧反硝化菌群脱氮特性研究

为削减微污染水库中氮素的浓度,通过对西安市李家河水库沉积物进行定向富集驯化,筛选出以Pseudomonas菌为主、具有高效好氧反硝化特性的混合菌群-A1.摇床实验表明,贫营养好氧反硝化菌群A1在15h时硝酸盐氮去除率可达93.39%,硝酸盐氮平均去除速率为0.2073mg/（L·h）;总氮去除率为52.11%,总氮平均去除速率为0.1153mg/（L·h）,无亚硝酸盐积累.氮平衡分析表明,约45%的初始氮被去除转化为气体产物.响应面法（RSM）结果表明,C/N比9.96,温度22.67℃,pH8.01,转速91r/min,溶解氧8.55mg/L是去除总氮（TN）的最优条件.     

镧铝改性凹凸棒粘土对富营养化湖泊有机磷控制效果

通过吸附与原位模拟实验,研究了镧铝改性凹凸棒粘土（La/Al@ACP）对水体有机磷的吸附性能及其覆盖对沉积物磷释放的影响,并通过沉积物磷分级、DGT技术、扫描电镜能谱技术探讨材料覆盖对沉积物磷形态影响机制.结果显示,La/Al@ACP添加后,上覆水及底泥间隙水中磷含量显著下降,并伴随沉积物有效磷通量的减少.有机磷形态分析表明,添加La/Al@ACP后活性态的Lab-P_o不断向稳定态的Hum-P_o转化,有效控制了底泥磷向上覆水释放的风险.La/Al@ACP作为一种控制湖泊富营养化的有效材料,可用于底泥内源磷的固定与控制.     

洪泽湖不同入湖河流沉积物磷形态特征及生物有效性

为揭示洪泽湖入湖河流沉积物磷形态空间差异性及影响因素,分析了洪泽湖自西北向西南7条入湖河流65个表层沉积物中不同磷（P）形态,并探讨了磷形态空间赋存特征的影响因素及环境意义.研究表明：沉积物总磷（TP）含量为488.90mg/kg~960.22mg/kg,无机磷（Pi）为主要形态,相对含量为65.81%~76.16%.西部入湖流域沉积物有机磷（Po）以非活性有机磷（NLOP）为主,汴河最高,相对含量约占Po的50.41%,生物有效态无机磷（BAP）相对含量最高,占Pi的66.84%,污染程度最高;西南和西北入湖流域Po则以中活性有机磷（MLOP）为主,Pi以钙结合态无机磷（HCl-Pi）为主.西北入湖流域由于受当地地质背景的影响,HCl-Pi所占Pi相对含量最高（43.02%）,从而减缓了磷的移动能力,污染程度最低.随着沉积物污染程度的增加,生物有效态Po含量增加,但所占Po相对含量降低;HCl-Pi含量增加,所占Pi相对含量降低,这一现象和我国其它典型地区沉积物磷形态空间分布类似.西部和西南入湖流域主要受水土流失、有机面源污染及藻类生长的影响,有机质环境较高,水交换能力弱,可被有机质降解的Po组分高于可被矿化的Po组分,大部分难降解Po组分易沉积,导致西部和西南入湖流域较高的BAP和NLOP含量,富营养化程度较高.沉积物OM是各形态磷之间相互转化的关键因素,和沉积物内源磷地球生物化学循环密切相关.洪泽湖入湖流域沉积物磷形态空间差异性主要由农业面源污染物的输入而导致内源磷负荷加剧.洪泽湖西部和西南入湖流域应重点控制农田水土流失及养殖业面源污染,建设滨岸修复带,遵循少量多次增施有机肥原则,减少农用地水土流失.健全农村养殖业废水废渣处理;划定科学养殖区;提倡铜围网箱,增加水体交换率.而对于洪泽湖西北入湖流域则应重点防止过度城镇化带来的水土流失及对生态功能保护区过高的污染负荷.     

水体及沉积物氮磷水平对附植藻类的影响

为了探讨湖泊富营养化过程中沉积物及水体氮、磷浓度对附植藻类的影响,通过室内模拟实验,研究了水体及沉积物氮、磷升高对苦草(Vallisnerianatans(Lour.) Hara)上附植藻类生长、群落组成及其体内氮、磷含量的影响.结果表明,在实验条件下,随着水中氮、磷含量升高,附植藻类生物量及附植藻类氮、磷含量均呈极显著增加(p0.01).随着水体可获得的氮、磷浓度升高,附植藻类的相对丰度有所变化,舟形藻(Navicula)、小球藻(Chlorella)及微囊藻(Microcystis)相对丰度随着氮、磷水平的升高而下降,直链藻(Melosira)则相反,但舟形藻、直链藻、微囊藻、小环藻(Cyclotella)和小球藻均为群落的优势属种.沉积物氮、磷含量升高对附植藻类生物量、优势种丰度及群落氮、磷含量影响较小,均未达到显著水平(p0.05).在实验条件下,沉积物氮、磷含量对附植藻类影响不大,而水体氮、磷浓度升高显著地促进了附植藻类生长.研究结果也为解释富营养化湖泊沉水植物衰退及消亡提供了一定的科学依据.     

兰州市南山季节性土壤微生物特征及影响因素

为了探究不同季节和不同植被类型对土壤微生物分布的影响,以兰州市南山不同海拔的两种植被类型为研究对象,采用稀释涂布平板法测定了土壤微生物的季节动态变化特征.结果表明：研究区内细菌数量占微生物总数的96.22%~99.80%,远高于真菌和放线菌数量.土壤微生物类群随季节变化呈现明显差异,其总数整体表现为夏季最高,为89.22×10⁶cfu/g soil,分别是春、秋、冬季的12.02、3.28、2.74倍,其中夏季细菌数量最高,真菌与放线菌数量均在春季达到最大值.人工林样地土壤微生物数量略低于荒坡,环境因子中土壤含水量和有机碳含量高于荒坡.随着海拔的升高,pH值逐渐上升,土壤温度、有机碳与全氮含量逐渐下降,土壤微生物总数则呈现先减少后增加的趋势.相关分析表明,不同季节各微生物类群与环境因子的相关系数各有不同,春季放线菌与有机碳,秋季真菌与有机碳、全氮均呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）.冗余分析表明,环境因子中有机碳与第一物种轴的相关系数最高,为0.520,说明土壤有机碳含量是影响土壤微生物类群分布的主导因素.     

Relationship between physicochemical properties and dewaterability of hydrothermal sludge derived from different source

Sewage sludge (SS) and deinking sludge (DS) were used to comparatively study the hydrothermal dewatering of sludge with different components. For a better overview, an insight into the relationship between physicochemical properties and dewaterability of hydrothermal sludge was provided. Results found that not all kinds of sludge were suitably conditioned by hydrothermal treatment (HT) in term of the elevation of dewaterability. Higher hydrothermal temperature tended to enhance the dewaterability of SS rather than DS, which was supported by the variation of their physicochemical properties (including water distribution, bonding energy, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), particles size, acid functional groups and zeta potential in this study). In addition, the changes in surface morphology suggested that the reverse effect of HT on sludge dewaterability was mainly due to their dewatering behavior. For SS, the destruction of EPS structure leaded to the release of bound water, thereby strengthening sludge dewatering. Conversely, “Bridging effect” generated by lignocellulose in DS was beneficial for sludge dewatering; however, the increasing hydrothermal temperature degraded part of lignocellulose and weakened “bridging effect”, finally resulting in worse dewaterability of DS.