Ecogenetic features and functions of solods in transural forest-steppes (within Sverdlovsk Oblast)

Specific ecogenetic features of solods in the forest-steppe zone has been studied, and the role of biotic and abiotic factors of soil formation has been estimated. Differentiation of soil horizons with respect to the physical clay fraction accounts for specific features of their moistening, which is reflected in the ratio of strongly and weakly crystallized forms of iron. Periodic changes in redox conditions results in iron segregation, and a high content of fulvic acids accounts for its eluvial migration. These processes are controlled by soil geochemical barriers.     

锅炉煤炭燃烧过程NOx释放规律及累积转化率影响因素

选用某电厂的实际用煤及焦炭，模拟燃煤电厂的煤炭燃烧过程，在不同温度、助燃气体流量、煤粉粒径和氧含量等多种条件下分别进行实验，得出不同燃烧条件下NOx的释放规律。实验表明，相同条件下，挥发分越大，氮的转化率也相对越大；煤的粒径越小，氮的转化效率越低；随着助燃气体流量的增加，燃料N转化为NOx的总转化效率增加；氧含量增加缩短了反应时间，但燃料N总效率变化不大。     

铁屑粉煤灰组合处理含磷废水

实验研究了铁屑粉煤灰组合处理含磷废水的除磷效果.通过单因素实验,考查了铁屑粉煤灰质量比、反应时间、pH值和投加量对除磷效果的影响.实验结果表明,该法除磷的最优条件为铁屑和粉煤灰的质量比为2∶1,反应时间为20 min,pH值为6,投加量为20 g/L.在最优实验条件下磷的去除率达到了97.5％.对比了该法和粉煤灰吸附法与传统铁屑法的除磷效果.与单一粉煤灰吸附法和传统铁屑法除磷的结果相比较,铁屑粉煤灰组合除磷的方法具有明显优势.     

Degradation of pentachlorobiphenyl by a sequential treatment using Pd coated iron and an aerobic bacterium (H1)

The reductive dechlorination and biodegradation of 2,2^′4,5,5^′-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB#101) was investigated in a laboratory-scale. Palladium coated iron (Pd/Fe) was used as a catalytic reductant for the chemical degradation of 2,2^′4,5,5^′-pentachlorobiphenyl, and an aerobic bacteria was used for biodegradation following the chemical reaction in this study. Dechlorination was affected by several factors such as Pd loading, initial soil pH and the amount of Pd/Fe used. The results showed that higher Pd loading, higher dosage of Pd/Fe and slightly acid condition were beneficial to the catalytic dechlorination of 2,2^′,4,5,5^′-pentachlorobiphenyl. In laboratory batch experiments, 2,2^′4,5,5^′-pentachlorobiphenyl was reduced in the presence of Pd/Fe bimetal, which was not further degraded by aerobic bacteria. 2,2^′,4-trichlorobiphenyl (PCB#17), a reduction product from 2,2^′4,5,5^′-pentachlorobiphenyl, was readily biodegraded in the presence of a aerobic bacterial strain. It is suggested that an integrated Pd/Fe catalytic reduction-aerobic biodegradation process may be a feasible option for treating PCB-contaminated soil.     

铁改性海泡石除锑的影响因素研究

选择廉价海泡石, 用氯化铁对其改性。研究铁改性海泡石对锑的吸附特性。结果表明，氯化铁浓度、吸附时间、初始锑浓度以及温度等因素对锑的吸附影响较大，溶液初始pH影响不明显。在初始锑浓度50 mg/L，pH 6.8，5%氯化铁改性海泡石投加量为2 g/L，吸附90 min, 温度35℃下，吸附量可达21.6 mg/g。海泡石对吸附锑具有缓冲特性，溶液的初始pH值在3.1～10.1范围时，吸附后溶液的最终pH值为8～8.5。IMS吸附锑是放热过程。改性后海泡石比表面积增大，表面羟基数量增加，导致其吸附能力增强。通过XRD谱图并未发现铁晶体的存在。     

Modification of Fe–Mn mixed oxide COS removal sorbent by rare-earth oxides addition

In order to develop highly active sorbent for COS removal, Fe–Mn mixed oxides doped with CeO₂, La₂O₃ or Sm₂O₃ were studied. The effects of these promoters on the structural properties of Fe–Mn oxides were investigated by XRD, BET, TPR and TEM techniques. XRD results revealed that the degree of crystallinity of Fe–Mn oxide phase decreased due to the addition of rare-earth oxides. Doping with CeO₂, La₂O₃ or Sm₂O₃ led to an increase in BET surface area of the sample. TPR studies showed that the reactivity of the reduction of doped samples increased in the temperature range of 300–450 °C. In addition, the desulfurization test was performed at 325 °C with a gas hourly space velocity of 1000 h⁻¹. It was found that the addition of 3% La₂O₃ greatly improved the absorption sulfur capacity of the sorbent, while the sorbent doped 3% CeO₂ achieved a sufficiently high purifying degree before breakthrough.     

Kinetics and pathways for the debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers by bimetallic and nanoscale zerovalent iron: effects of particle properties and catalyst

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are recognized as a new class of widely-distributed and persistent contaminants for which effective treatment and remediation technologies are needed. In this study, two kinds of commercially available nanoscale Fe⁰ slurries (Nanofer N25 and N25S), a freeze-dried laboratory-synthesized Fe⁰ nanoparticle (nZVI), and their palladized forms were used to investigate the effect of particle properties and catalyst on PBDE debromination kinetics and pathways. Nanofers and their palladized forms were found to debrominate PBDEs effectively. The laboratory-synthesized Fe⁰ nanoparticles also debrominated PBDEs, but were slower due to deactivation by the freeze-drying and stabilization processes in the laboratory synthesis. An organic modifier, polyacrylic acid (PAA), bound on N25S slowed PBDE debromination by a factor of three to four compared to N25. The activity of palladized nZVI (nZVI/Pd) was optimized at 0.3 Pd/Fe wt% in our system. N25 could debrominate selected environmentally-abundant PBDEs, including BDE 209, 183, 153, 99, and 47, to end products di-BDEs, mono-BDEs and diphenyl ether (DE) in one week, while nZVI/Pd (0.3 Pd/Fe wt%) mainly resulted in DE as a final product. Step-wise major PBDE debromination pathways by unamended and palladized Fe⁰ are described and compared. Surface precursor complex formation is an important limiting factor for palladized Fe⁰ reduction as demonstrated by PBDE pathways where steric hindrance and rapid sequential debromination of adjacent bromines play an important role.     

零价铁复合有机膨润土处理染料废水的研究

针对目前印染废水处理现状及膨润土在水处理中回收困难等问题，提出将零价铁复合到有机膨润土中制成零价铁复合有机膨润土(ZVI-OB)，以达到高效吸附并降解污染物的目的。以染料废水(Orange II) 作为研究对象，考察了废水中染料的初始浓度、pH以及吸附时间对ZVI-OB去除染料效率的影响，并研究了吸附后降解过程中时间和pH对污染物降解的影响以及降解前后膨润土层结构的变化。研究结果表明，ZVI-OB相对于CTMAB改性的有机膨润土而言，其吸附量有所降低，但ZVI-OB在吸附污染物之后能有效降解有机物。ZVI-OB在饱和吸附Orange II后经催化氧化，总有机碳含量降低为原来的19%，可以重复利用。     

人工湿地构筑根孔作用下土壤物质分布状况

嘉兴市石臼漾湿地应用人工构筑根孔技术,以玉米秸秆和油菜秸秆按比例混合埋植于土壤亚表层,作为湿地的基质/填料。在湿地运行一年半后,按照正交设计表,以埋植秸秆的种类(S)、填埋的土壤层次(L)、距离秸秆外环的远近(D)和秸秆周围土壤的表观颜色(C)作为实验因素,对秸秆周围养分物质浓度、土壤酶活性以及铁含量进行采样分析。实验结果显示:玉米秸秆和油菜秸秆腐烂较充分,分别形成较发达的粗根孔和细根孔;根孔周围土壤呈中度还原状态;粗根孔具有较强的优先流效应,其周围土壤具有较高的养分物质含量和较低的Fe2+/Fe3+比。粗根孔周围土壤具有较高的磷酸酶活性,而细根孔周围具有较高的β-葡糖苷酶活性和脲酶活性。综合比较,人工湿地构建初期,径级较大秸秆腐烂后形成的粗根孔发挥着更高的水分传导效率和更强的物质截留效应。     

含锰废渣的氧化-活化再生回用工艺

为实现紫苏醛生产过程中二氧化锰（氧化剂）的循环利用,采用一种新型的氧化-活化工艺再生得到活性二氧化锰,即以紫苏醇合成紫苏醛过程中产生的含锰废渣为原料,首先采用氯酸钠氧化含锰废渣得到初级二氧化锰,然后使用高锰酸钾对初级二氧化锰进一步活化得到活性二氧化锰。实验表明,制取初级二氧化锰的最佳工艺条件为：反应时间为4h,反应温度为90～95℃,硫酸摩尔浓度为1.5 mol/L,氯酸钠加量为理论量的130%。制取活性二氧化锰的合适条件为：反应温度在60℃时,反应时间为1.5 h;反应温度在50℃时,反应时间为2.5 h。采用氧化-活化法再生的活性二氧化锰氧化紫苏醇,紫苏醛的产率可达52.8%,与使用电解二氧化锰氧化得到的紫苏醛的产率53.1%相当,而使用初级二氧化锰,紫苏醛的产率仅为14.9%。