宁夏盐池封育区植物特征值及多样性影响

封育措施是一种主要的草场恢复和重建的措施。通过对半干旱沙地老封育、新封育和对照区的比较分析,量化了不同封育措施下植被变化。对3种封育措施群落组成和生物多样性的分析结果表明,封育改变了群落的组成成分并增加了生物多样性,同时对群落植物的生活型、饲用价值分析计算结果则显示,老封育的群落植物逐渐向多年生发展,放牧价值开始降低,而对照区则明显处于一种非平衡的稳定状态。从3种措施植被的盖度、高度、生物量和饲用价值来看,老封育区均低于新封育区和对照区,表明长期封育不利于促进并提高草场的放牧利用价值。     

Spatial analysis of semi-arid patchy vegetation by the cumulative distribution of patch boundary spacings and transition probabilities

The vegetative cover in semi-arid lands typically occurs as patches of individual species more or less separated from one another by bare ground. We have adapted two methods to quantify the spatial pattern of such cover from measurements across patches on transects.Transects were laid in several directions across digital maps of the land surface or across the land itself, and the distances between successive patch boundaries were measured. The distances were ranked in order, and their cumulative distributions were computed and modeled with gamma functions. The parameters of the model provided estimates of the mean distance across patches. The means for different directions were further tested for anisotropy. Transitions between classes on the transects estimate the probabilities with which the different species occur next to others (and to bare ground) and so describe the arrangement of the patches occupied by the different species.The methods were tested with data from mosaic patterns at three semi-arid sites dominated by the tussock grass Stipa tenacissima. The differences in the estimated mean boundary spacings from site to site accorded with prior qualitative assessment, as did the estimated anisotropy. The transition matrices and the estimated proportions of cover showed the dominance of the bare soil with which all the individual species are intimately associated. The transitions also suggest the presence of both positive and negative relations among the main species. Those between Stipa tenacissima and Brachypodium retusum seem to be facilitative, as do those between this grass and the shrub Anthyllis cytisoides. In contrast, Globularia alypum seems to inhibit the other species.We also estimated transition probabilities geostatistically by summing the indicator variograms of the individual species. Standard variogram models were then fitted to describe the ordered series of values, and these again produced results that accorded with visual impressions.     

岷江上游茂县半干旱河谷灌丛优势种间关系的研究

采用２×２列联表，通过方差分析、Ｘ２检验、Ｏｃｈｉｎｉ关联指数和Ｐｅａｒｓｏｎ积矩相关系数，分别对岷江上游茂县半干旱柯谷灌丛的１０个主要优势种的种间关联和种间协变进行了定量分析．研究结果表明：茂县半干旱河谷灌丛的优势种间关系较复杂．多物种间里显著的复合正相关关系，４５个种对中的７个种对具有显著的正关联，其关联程度较高（Ｏｃｈｉａｉ指数为０．６４５～０．８５８），这些关联的种对分别对环境的要求相同；５个种对存在显著的正协变，它们都是非显著关联的种对，表明在某一具体的植被类型中，种间关联与协变并无明显的内在联系．小角柱花（Ｃｅｒａｔｏｓｔｉｇｍａｍｉｎｕｓ）与其它优势种间的关联性最广泛，而刺族花（Ｃｏｎｖｏｌｖｕｌｕｓｔｒａｇａｃａｎｔｈｏｉｄｅｓ）则无显著的关联和协变，是一个相对独立的成分．     

Tetracycline resistance in semi-arid agricultural soils under long-term swine effluent application

Annually, millions pounds of antibiotics are released unmetabolized into environment along with animal wastes. Accumulation of antibiotics in soils could potentially induce the persistence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Antibiotics such as tetracyclines and tetracycline-resistant bacteria have been previously detected in fields fertilized with animal manure. However, little is known about the accumulation of tetracyclines and the development of tetracycline resistance in semi-arid soils. Here we demonstrate that continuous land application with swine effluent, containing trace amounts of chlortetracycline, does not necessarily induce tetracycline resistance in soil bacteria. Based on the testing of more than 3,000 bacteria isolated from the amended soils, we found no significant increase in the occurrence and level of chlortetracycline resistant bacteria in soils after 15 years of continuous swine effluent fertilization. To account for a possible transfer of tetracycline-resistant bacteria originated from the swine effluent to soils, we analyzed two commonly found tetracycline resistant genes, tet(O) and tet(M), in the swine effluent and fertilized soils. Both genes were present in the swine effluent, however, they were not detectable in soils applied with swine effluent. Our data demonstrate that agronomic application of manure from antibiotic treated swine effluent does not necessarily result in the development of antibiotic bacterial resistance in soils. Apparently, concentrations of chlortetracycline present in manure are not significant enough to induce the development of antibiotic bacterial resistance.     

兰州地区垃圾填埋场黄土腾发盖层降水入渗模拟

在半干旱地区,利用腾发盖层代替传统盖层,在相同的防渗效果下可以减少垃圾填埋场设计过度造成的浪费。以兰州地区为例,实验测试得到兰州黄土的土水特征曲线,求得田间持水量和萎蔫含水量;结合兰州地区2007—2008年气象资料,利用Hydrus-1D软件,模拟了透过盖层的降水入渗量,分析了黄土盖层替代传统盖层的可行性。研究结果显示,31 cm厚的黄土盖层理论上可以满足阻止降水入渗的要求,与传统盖层相比,具有成本低、施工简单的优点。     

半干旱地区典型POPs硫丹环境多介质迁移归趋模拟研究——以兰州河谷盆地为例

以硫丹为研究对象,利用三级多介质逸度模型,对硫丹在半干旱的兰州河谷盆地大气、水体、土壤、沉积物和植物相中的浓度分布进行模拟研究;对硫丹在研究区环境多介质问的迁移通量进行分析,确定其在环境中的主要迁移过程;并结合实际监测数据,对模型的可靠性进行验证;此外,还对除常数之外的20个模型参数进行灵敏度分析,并对较高的模型灵敏度影响因素进行不确定性分析.研究结果表明:土壤、植物和沉积物相是硫丹在兰州河谷盆地环境污染的主要储库;大气平流输入和农药施用是研究区硫丹的主要输入源,沉积物降解和大气平流输出为研究区的主要消耗和输出途径;亨利常数、辛醇-水分配系数等化合物理化性质参数,以及沉积物、土壤有机碳含量等环境参数对模型的灵敏度影响比较显著;模拟浓度与实测浓度相差在一个数量级之内,吻合较好,表明建立的三级多介质逸度模型适用于半干旱的兰州河谷盆地α-硫丹和β-硫丹的环境多介质迁移及归趋行为模拟.     

大规模开采条件下我国北方区域地下水水化学变化特征

本文在总结近些年来我国北方地下水水文地质调查成果的基础上,对大规模开采条件下我国北方主要盆地和平原地下水化学变化规律及其影响因素进行探讨。结果表明:在大规模开采地下水后,我国北方地下水水化学变化特征主要表现为:浅层地下水水化学类型向重碳酸型水转变,地下水硬度增高,且在地下水大规模开发利用时间比较早的山西盆地、华北平原和东北平原变化比较明显,在西北干旱地区并不明显;深层地下水水化学类型由重碳酸型水转变为其它类型,地下水矿化度增大,水质变差,且在新疆准噶尔盆地、山西盆地和华北平原及东北平原变化比较明显。同时在地下水强烈开采区的潜水和承压含水层及主要城市区的地下水水化学特征均表现为常量组分升高,矿化度增大,污染组分和污染程度增加。导致这些变化产生的原因主要是70年代以后地下水的大规模开发利用引起地下水流场发生变化和局部地区人类活动影响造成的污染物增加和不合理排放。     

The impact of unconfined mine tailings and anthropogenic pollution on a semi-arid environment – an initial study of the Rodalquilar mining district, south east Spain

A geochemical study of stream sediments near Rodalquilar (South-east Spain) was undertaken to investigate the impact of processing activities associated with nearby gold mining. Despite the semi-arid nature of the area, visual inspection of tailings indicates that considerable fluvial erosion occurs during rainfall events. Geochemical analysis demonstrates that Mo, Sb, Te, Bi and As are all found at elevated levels in stream sediments downstream of the tailings site. Elevated levels of Pb, Cu and Zn were also noted in stream sediments. Statistical analysis demonstrates that four factors control trace-element distribution. Factor 1 displays a strong association of Mo, Sb, Te and Bi and As and is attributed to the mine tailings. Factor 2 displays an association of Pb and Cu, and is most easily attributed to anthropogenic pollution. Factor 3 distinguishes Au and reflects the selective nature of ore-processing methods employed at the site. Factor 4 only highlights Zn, reflecting that it is derived from several, probably unrelated, sources.     

半干旱区一次典型沙尘重污染天气过程分析——以青海东部为例

利用常规气象观测资料、颗粒物监测数据,并结合污染源溯源,采用天气学原理和轨迹分析等方法对2019年5月青海东部一次沙尘重污染天气的主要成因及沙尘传输特征进行了分析.结果表明,此次沙尘重污染天气主要由贝加尔湖低槽东移携带的强冷空气沿河西走廊东移下滑,沿湟水河谷自东向西倒灌入青海东部导致,污染物随着强劲的东风影响青海东部.此外,西风环流将甘肃中部的沙尘传输至青海东部.此次沙尘天气过程地面冷空气在东移南压的过程中,沿河西走廊下滑的冷空气自青海东部河谷地区倒灌进入青海东部,甘肃境内沙尘进入青海后自东向西输送到青海东部,造成青海东部出现重污染天气.逆温层的存在使青海东部大气边界层趋于稳定,不利于污染物向外扩散,无法及时扩散的沙尘长时间维持是导致重污染天气的主要原因.沙尘天气出现前期,青海东部地区湿度条件逐渐变差,沙尘发生前,地面感热明显增加,大气中水汽减少、空气干燥是沙尘天气形成的重要条件.此次沙尘暴传输路径是自东南向西北传播,先后影响海东、西宁两地,与轨迹分析结果一致.     

干旱半干旱地区的干旱指数分析

利用降水距平百分率建立了干旱指数方程，可用于于旱半干旱地区的干旱监测，并对１９８９年北疆的干旱和乌鲁木齐历年的干湿期进行了计算和分析，取得了较好的结果。