大气污染总量控制GA方法对气象因子的敏感性

通过数值模拟试验,研究了基于遗传算法(GA)的大气污染总量控制方法对风向、风速、稳定度三个最重要的气象因子的敏感性。结果表明,用基于遗传算法的大气污染总量控制方法所求得的区域允许排放总量以及允许排放总量在各污染源之间的分配方案,对风向、风速、稳定度三个气象因子都敏感,从而验证了该方法的稳定性和可靠性。     

松花江哈尔滨段二维水质模型参数敏感性分析

运用灵敏度与线性回归的方法,分析了松花江哈尔滨段二维水质模型中参数的敏感性。结果可知：污水排放量（Qp）=污水排放浓度（Cp）〉河流本底浓度（Ch）〉流速（u）〉横向扩散系数（My）〉降解系数（Kl）;污水流量（Qp）、污水排放浓度（Cp）、河流本底浓度（Cb）与预测断面污染物浓度均呈正向完全线性相关;降解系数（Kl）与预测断面污染物浓度呈负向完全线性相关;流速（u）和横向扩散系数（My）均与预测断面污染物浓度满足幂函数方程,且呈负向完全线性相关;在搜集资料时,要特别注意对流速小数位数的保留。     

植物对酞酸酯的敏感性

采用发芽试验和温室盆试验等方法，研究了酞酸酯（ＤＢＰ、ＤＥＨＰ）对番茄等１２种蔬菜以及水稻、小麦和油菜的影响。结果表明：酞酸酯（１０ｍｇ／１）对种子发芽率无明显影响，但对幼苗形态特征有一定作用。电镜观察表明：受害叶片叶绿体数量减少、结构改变。初步讨论了酞酸酯的理化性质与作物受害的关系，划分了蔬菜对酞酸酯的敏感性顺序。     

Comparative sensitivity to and consumption of methyl eugenol in three <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bactrocera dorsalis</Emphasis> (Diptera: Tephritidae) complex sibling species

Summary. Sensitivities to methyl eugenol of three sibling species in the Bactrocera dorsalis complex were compared. The degree of species sensitivity to methyl eugenol, i.e. B. dorsalis > B. papayae > B. carambolae (in decreasing order), was concomitant with the species age-related response to methyl eugenol as previously reported. The ability to consume methyl eugenol by the three sibling species showed similar trend - the average ME consumption per male was 0.70 ml for B. dorsalis, 0.58 ml B. papayae and 0.18 μl B. carambolae. Results obtained were discussed in relation to area-wide control of fruit fly. Received 21 April 2002; accepted 9 July 2002     

The toxicity of copper, cadmium and zinc to four different Hydra (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa)

An acute toxicity study of three metals to Hydra species carried out using two different assessment methods, (i) determination of the LC50 and (ii) measurement of progressive morphological changes, demonstrated that relative toxicity decreased from copper to cadmium with zinc the least toxic for all species. The latter method revealed more details of the effect on Hydra in terms of physical damage to the polyp but both methods indicated that H. viridissima was more sensitive to copper and cadmium than H. vulgaris¹ (Zurich strain, male clone), H. vulgaris² (a dioecious strain reproducing sexually and asexually) and H. oligactis (dioecious, reproducing sexually and asexually). The responses to zinc were similar for all Hydra. The possible role of metabolic interactions between H. viridissima and its symbiotic green algae in contributing to the greater sensitivity of this polyp is discussed.     

小麦不同生育期对UV-B敏感差异性比较

在大田群体条件下,比较研究了小麦不同生育期对UV-B增加反应敏感性的差异。小麦的生长指标和反应指数均表明:小麦不同生育期对UV-B增加反应的敏感性(设其符号为u)存在显著的差异,小麦的拔节至孕穗期是小麦对UV-B增加的最敏感的时期,小麦对UV-B增加的敏感性大小顺序为:u(拔节期)>u(孕穗期至开花期)>u(灌浆期)>u(播种至拔节期);在不同生育期降低UV-B强度的试验结果也验证了这一结果。在南京地区UV-B强度较高的季节小麦对UV-B增加的敏感性较低。     

三种木本植物对酸雨的敏感性和抗性

酸雨污染对生态系统和人类生存环境造成严重影响,研究植物抗性及其对环境的适应能力是大气污染胁迫退化生态系统恢复中植物种类选择的基础和前提。作者选择陶瓷工业污染区南海西樵山和相对清洁区肇庆鼎湖山自然生长的木本植物鸭脚木(Schefflera octophylla)、荷木(Schima superba)当年生叶和一年生叶以及马尾松(Pinus massoniana)一年生针叶进行生理指标的测定和分析。结果表明:在酸雨污染环境下,3 种植物叶片的细胞膜透性受到损害,光合色素降解,PSII 最大光化学效率下降;对酸雨污染的敏感性次序为:马尾松>鸭脚木≥荷木,马尾松为酸雨敏感种。初步讨论了树木对酸雨污染的部分抗性生理机制,为酸雨污染地区退化生态系统恢复之植被选择提供理论依据。     

A quantitative methodology for indexing environmental sensitivity and pollution potential

A methodology for rating the suitability of sites forthe location of industrial facilities is formulated and appliedto the case of a coal-fired power plant location. The methodologycomprises two major interlinked components: the environmentalplant location indexing component, which involves theidentification, scaling and weighting of environmentalsensitivity factors; and the impact analysis component, whichinvolves the superimposition of the pollution generation impactsof an industrial facility on spatially gridded zones of variousenvironmental sensitivities. For each rectangular areal unitdefined by a square grid, the Unit Pollution Potential Index isdetermined by the severity and distribution of key environmentalsensitivity factors and the coverage of superimposed pollutanteffects as determined by contaminant fate and transport models.For any alternative site of a planned facility, the summation ofthe unit indices over the area of influence of the facilityprovides the quantitative Pollution Index, which can be used as abasis for comparison of alternative sites for planned facilities.For this paper, this methodology is applied to the hypotheticalcase of the siting of a coal-fired power plant in thenortheastern region of the United States, in which threealternative sites are considered. The three sites: A, B and Cyielded indices of 47.83, 47.91 and 47.6, respectively, indicatingthat site C is the most suitable for siting the power plant.     

Sensitive Parameters In Predicting Exposure Contaminants Concentration In A Risk Assessment Process

A sensitivity analysis (SA) was conducted on the analytical models considered in the risk-based corrective-action (RBCA) methodology of risk analysis, as developed by the American Society for Testing of Materials (ASTM), to predict a contaminant‘s concentration in the affected medium at the point of human exposure. These models are of interest because evaluations regarding the best approach to contaminated site remediation are shifting toward increased use of risk-based decision, and the ASTM RBCA methodology represents the most effective and internationally widely used standardized guide for risk assessment process. This paper identifies key physical and chemical parameters that need additional precision and accuracy consideration in order to reduce uncertainty in models prediction, thereby saving time, money and engineering effort in the data collection process. SA was performed applying a variance-based method to organic contaminants migration models with reference to soil-to-groundwater leaching ingestion exposure scenario. Results indicate that model output strongly depends on the organic-carbon partition coefficient, organic-carbon content, net infiltration, Darcy velocity, source-receptor distance, and first-order decay constant.