混凝沉淀法处理煤泥水的试验研究

对混凝沉淀法处理难于自然沉降的煤泥水进行试验研究,通过分析煤泥水的性质、煤泥的粒度及干煤泥的矿物组成,确定煤泥水难处理的主要原因是煤泥颗粒粒度小,且表面带有较强的负电荷.试验研究了电石渣和CaCl2对煤泥水的混凝效果,并采用正交试验确定了电石渣-PAM混凝沉淀法处理煤泥水的最佳工艺条件和实际应用条件.研究结果表明,采用电石渣-PAM混凝沉淀法处理煤泥水具有较好的处理效果,处理后煤泥水的各项指标均能达到国家排放标准,且能满足洗煤工艺的用水要求.     

Catalytic conversion of waste tyres into valuable hydrocarbons

Tyre recycling has become a necessity because of the huge piles of tyres that represent a threat to the environment. The used tyres represent a source of energy and valuable chemical products. Waste tyres were pyrolysed catalytically in a batch reactor under atmospheric pressure. Calcium carbide was used as a catalyst to explore its effect on pyrolysis product distribution. The effect of temperature, amount of catalyst and time on the yields of the pyrolysed products was investigated. Char yield decreased with increase of pyrolysis temperature while total gas and liquid yields increased. The liquid fraction was obtained with boiling point up to 320 °C. The physical and chemical properties of the pyrolysed products obtained were characterized. The catalytic pyrolysis produced 45 wt.% aromatic, 35 wt.% aliphatic and 20 wt.% of polar hydrocarbons. The distillation data showed that ∼80% of oil has boiling point below 270 °C which is the boiling point for 50% of distilled product in commercial diesel oil. The oil fraction was found to have high gross calorific value; GCV (42.8 MJ kg⁻¹). Its Specific gravity, viscosity, Kinematic viscosity, freezing point and diesel index were also within the limits of diesel fuel. The char residues were studied to investigate their characteristics for use as a possible adsorbent. Surface area of char before and after acid demineralization was determined to determine the adsorptive features for waste water treatment.     

催化臭氧氧化法处理甲醛废水

用异丙醇钛盐表面改性法制备TiO2／SiO2催化剂，对甲醛废水进行催化臭氧氧化处理。通过比表面积的BET测定法、X射线衍射和拉曼光谱等分析方法对TiO2／SiO2催化剂进行了表征，考察了TiO2／SiO2催化剂加入量、臭氧流量及溶液pH等因素对甲醛催化臭氧氧化效果的影响。实验结果表明，在SiO2表面，TiO2微晶粒子以锐钛矿型高度分散；在甲醛质量浓度700mg／L、COD1000mg／L、TiO2／SiO2催化剂加入量2．0g、臭氧流量2．5mg／min、溶液pH8．5的条件下，催化臭氧氧化反应30min后，甲醛质量浓度由700mg／L降至39mg／L，COD去除率认到87．5％．     

Modeling the current-voltage characteristics of thin-film silicon solar cells based on photo-induced electron transfer processes

Power conversion efficiency of p-i-n type microcrystalline silicon (c-Si:H) solar cells has been analyzed in terms of sequential processes of photo-induced electron transfer. The effect of the excitonic state on the charged carrier generation has been studied compared to a conventional scheme in which only charged carriers are taken into account for the operation of the solar cells. A numerical model has been developed to calculate current-voltage characteristics of solar cells on the basis of two types of charged carrier generation processes (exciton process and charged carrier process). The light trapping effect due to a textured back surface reflector (BSR) was embedded in the numerical model by using the effective medium theory in combination with the matrix method in the field of the electromagnetic theory of light. As an application of this modeling, it was found that the reported data of the power conversion efficiency were not explained by the conventional charged carrier process model and that the combined model of the charged carrier process with the exciton process well explains the performance of the p-i-n type c-Si:H solar cells. In this way, the typical power conversion efficiencies were estimated to be 10.5% for the device (i-layer thickness: 1.8 m) with the BSR (period: 600 nm; height: 250 nm) and 8.6% for the device with the flat reflector under the condition that the fractions of the exciton process and charged carrier process were 60% and 40%, respectively.     

Modeling the current-voltage characteristics of thin-film silicon solar cells based on photo-induced electron transfer processes

Power conversion efficiency of p-i-n type macrocrystalline silicon (µc-Si:H) solar cells has been analyzed in terms of sequential processes of photo-induced electron transfer. The effect of the excitonic state on the charged carrier generation has been studied compared to a conventional scheme in which only charged carriers are taken into account for the operation of the solar cells. A numerical model has been developed to calculate current-voltage characteristics of solar cells on the basis of two types of charged carrier generation processes (exciton process and charged carrier process). The light trapping effect due to a textured back surface reflector (BSR) was embedded in the numerical model by using the effective medium theory in combination with the matrix method in the field of the electromagnetic theory of light. As an application of this modeling, it was found that the reported data of the power conversion efficiency were not explained by the conventional charged carrier process model and that the combined model of the charged carrier process with the exciton process well explains the performance of the p-i-n type μc-Si:H solar cells. In this way, the typical power conversion efficiencies were estimated to be 10.5% for the device (i-layer thickness: 1.8 μm) with the BSR (period: 600 nm; height: 250 nm) and 8.6% for the device with the flat reflector under the condition that the fractions of the exciton process and charged carrier process were 60% and 40%, respectively.     

富炭硅肥对水稻土铁还原菌群落特征的影响

为了探究富炭硅肥施加处理对稻田土壤铁还原菌相对丰度、多样性及群落结构的影响,以福州平原稻田为研究对象,分别设置对照组及3种不同剂量（300,600和900kg/hm²）富炭硅肥施加处理组.研究结果表明：施加富炭硅肥有助于土壤铁还原菌的生长和繁殖,其中600kg/hm²施加处理对铁还原菌的生长影响最为显著（P<0.05）.由Shannon指数可知,3种施加处理均使晚稻拔节期土壤铁还原菌多样性有所下降,以300kg/hm²施加处理组多样性指数降低最为明显,较对照组降低了29.4%.在早、晚稻拔节期土壤中共鉴定出5个菌门,其中变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）的占比之和平均高达95%以上,是稻田土壤中的优势菌门.施加富炭硅肥后,早稻拔节期土壤中拟杆菌属（Bacteroides）的相对丰度显著提高（P<0.05）,而厌氧粘细菌属（Anaeromyxobacter）的相对丰度则有所降低.此外,环境因子与稻田土壤铁还原菌的相对丰度具有相关性,Desulfovibrio的相对丰度与土壤pH值呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,Anaeromyxobacter的相对丰度与土壤温度（ST）呈显著正相关（P<0.05）.     

铝硅镁4004钎料对冷板与硅酸盐体系乙二醇冷却液腐蚀相容性的影响研究

目的研究不同钎料对冷板与硅酸盐体系乙二醇冷却液的腐蚀相容性影响。方法以铝合金3A21为基材,以不同铝硅镁箔4004为钎料,采用真空焊接的方法制备不同的铝合金冷板,将乙二醇冷却液加注在冷板中,在40℃开展压力测试。利用金相分析、扫描电子显微镜对冷板内部微观形貌和结构进行研究。结果铝硅镁箔4004中硅元素质量分数为13.29%时,焊接的冷板在3个月时间范围压力升高800 kPa;而硅元素质量分数为10.99%时,冷板在同样的条件下压力未见明显改变。两种冷板在焊接部位和翅片部位显示出截然不同的硅偏析现象。结论这种硅偏析现象可能导致了冷板在乙二醇冷却液不同的产气现象。     

三岔河梯级水库生源要素的时空变化特征

氮磷硅等生源要素是影响水体初级生产力、水生态系统结构与功能的重要因素。为了解梯级水库-河流体系营养盐的时空变化特征,对三岔河梯级水库(平寨水库、普定水库、引子渡水库)及入库河流进行了季度调查,分析了其氮、磷、硅营养盐浓度及其相关环境因子。结果显示,溶解硅(DSi)、总溶解氮(TDN)、PO_4~(3-)浓度分别为049～381、212～498、064～761×10~(-2)mg/L,平均值分别为199、325、003 mg/L。TDN和PO_4~(3-)浓度季节性变化较为明显,但空间变化较小;DSi的时空变化均较为显著。TDN浓度夏季较高,而PO_4~(3-)浓度春、冬季较高。TDN与叶绿素显著正相关,而PO_4~(3-)与温度显著负相关,表明两者的影响因素不同。DSi浓度水平沿程依次降低,主要受生物作用控制。DSi浓度随水体深度增加而增加,秋季尤为显著;而TDN和PO_4~(3-)在剖面上的变化因季节和水库的不同而不同。     

PW_(12)/SiO_2光催化降解水中苯酚

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了二氧化硅负载H3PW12O40催化剂,并采用红外光谱、XRD及BET对其进行了表征。研究了其对水中苯酚的光催化降解性。讨论了负载催化剂用量、光照时间对苯酚和TOC去除率的影响。结果表明:PW12/SiO2负载型催化剂用量为3g/L,光照6h,10mg/L苯酚水溶液中苯酚去除率为93.06%,TOC去除率为73.20%。PW12/SiO2多相光催化10mg/L苯酚水溶液降解反应和苯酚水溶液直接光解反应均为一级动力学反应。     

电石泥、电石渣浆液联合脱硫工艺

为了提高锅炉的脱硫效率,重点阐述了利用PVC工序的废渣和废浆液进行锅炉脱硫的全新的工艺。这种联合脱硫收到了意想不到的效果,实为这一领域的最新尝试。