沿海和河口城市防灾设防标准系统分析

本文针对天津、上海、青岛等三种不同类型的沿海、河口城市,运用灰色理论、随机模拟等方法进行了洪水、风暴湖、巨浪等环境因素的计算,并进行了灾害经济损失的风险分析,给出了不同的防灾设防标准。     

1644~1911年影响华东沿海的台风发生频率重建

基于清代、民国期间多种历史文献中的风、雨、潮现象和“颶、颱”记载重建了1644~1911年影响今华东浙、沪、苏的台风频率序列 F 清代史料中记载了该区受263次台风影响,年均0.98次。功率谱和小波分析显示18世纪中期至20世纪初,4 a周期表现最为明显. F 与Nino3指数基本对应,反映出入境华东的台风对极端ENSO事件并不敏感,强LaNina年和强ElNino年入境本区的台风频率基本相同。研究时段内,在多年代际尺度上,北半球及中国东部地区的增暖会增加影响华东沿海的台风发生频率     

福建省沿海电厂脱硫技术的选择

相对于钙法、氨法脱硫技术,海水脱硫在脱硫、脱氮效果、一次性投入、综合运行费用和避免二次污染方面有一定优势,在我国沿海电厂具有广阔的应用前景。本文重点介绍了海水脱硫技术,并对福建省今后SO2减排治理工作提出了建议。     

Heavy metal concentrations in marine molluscs from the Moroccan coastal region

Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis), clams (Venerupis decussatus) and oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were sampled seasonally during 2004-2005, from different coastal environments of Morocco in order to measure their accumulated heavy metal concentrations. The concentrations of Hg and Pb were determined by AFS and ICP-MS methods, respectively, whilst the remaining metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Zn and Ni) were quantified by AAS. The soft tissue concentrations of the mussels were on average 7.2 mg kg(-1) (Cd), 9.6 mg kg(-1) (Pb), 0.6 mg kg(-1) (Hg), 26.8 mg kg(-1) (Cu), 8.8 mg kg(-1) (Cr), 292 mg kg(-1) (Zn), 20.8 mg kg(-1) (Mn) and 32.8 mg kg(-1) (Ni). The highest tissue heavy metal concentrations were recorded in the south from the industrial area of Jorf Lasfar. The relationships between metal concentration and season in each species showed very similar annual profiles with a peak observed around spring-summer. Statistical analysis indicated that different species showed different bioaccumulation of metals depending on study site and season.     

不同类型海岸的溢油清理方法

世界石油资源分布和需求的不均衡性,促进了海上石油工业和石油运输业的快速发展,同时也增加了溢油事故的几率.海上溢油污染问题日趋严重,溢油污染对海洋环境、生态、资源、经济及人类生产生活等造成了巨大的影响,日益引起社会各界的关注.海岸溢油污染清理实践表明,正确的溢油清理方案的制定应综合考虑海岸的敏感性指数、溢油的类型、清理方法可能带来的危害以及支际可操作程度等.对包括盐沼地海岸和红树林海岸,沉积海岸,以及岩石海岸三类典型海岸的国内外现有海岸溢油污染清理技术进行了详细的综述,以期为我国的海岸带管理和溢油应急计划的制订提供技术参考.     

美国加州南岸地区空气质量预报系统运行管理与借鉴

借鉴美国加州南岸空气质量预报经验,特别是其运行管理模式对于现阶段中国城市环境空气质量预测预报具有极高的参考价值。简要介绍了加州南岸空气质量管理局(SCAQMD)空气质量预报业务流程、技术方法、信息发布方式和预报效果评估策略。建议从4个方面借鉴SCAQMD经验:(1)建立相对完善的空气质量预报体系,分层级自上而下指导预报工作;(2)选择合适的空气质量预报方法,综合统筹成本-效益评估工作;(3)评估预报效果进而提高预报准确率;(4)在优化空气质量预报能力的基础上,有序开展预警协同控制工作。     

Marine environmental quality, pollution monitoring and environmental management

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台湾含金斑岩铜矿床

台湾省主要金属矿产为金和铜 ,本文只介绍斑岩铜矿。为了解台湾斑岩铜矿产出的地质背景 ,本文简要分析了台湾地区的地质概况 ,以及台湾斑岩铜矿与环太平洋带其他同类型铜矿床的对比情况。台湾斑岩铜矿主要产在台湾省东部海岸山脉及临近的小岛上。最大的铜矿床为奇美铜矿 ,已达特大型规模。斑岩铜矿的出现与欧亚、太平洋两大板块碰撞有密切关系。本文较详细地介绍了奇美铜矿床产出的时代、岩石、围岩蚀变及矿体分布特征 ,同时还简要介绍了台湾东海岸的都峦山及兰屿岛斑岩铜矿矿化情况。     

The status of beaches and shoreline development options on the French Riviera: a perspective and a prognosis

Beach conservation and management on the high-value French Riviera in southeastern France have had mixed fortunes in shoreline economic development strategies over the past half century. Prior to 1965, socio-economic growth related to immigration and tourism resulted in considerable pressure on the coastal zone, leading in particular to beach erosion and degradation of beach environmental quality. Between 1965 and 1980, over 20% of the 132 km-long French Riviera was permanently altered through the implantation of yachting harbours and reclamation fill structures, while beach-based recreation had a rather low ranking as a development choice, except in the two major resorts of Cannes and Nice which exhibit a densely urbanized seafront. On this preponderantly boldrocky coast, the mediocre recreational value inherited by many of the beaches from the regional geologic setting, and from development pressures and earlier errors in coastal management, left them vulnerable to appropriation and so-called ‘valorization’ by yachting harbour and estate developers. Over the last decade, artificial shoreline development has virtually ceased, in response to several more or less interrelated factors. These include relative stagnation of socio-economic growth, increasing development and maintenance costs of yachting harbours, saturation of the yachting harbour market as a result of the burgeoning of new, often cheaper, resorts and of reconversion of commercial and shipbuilding ports to leisure ports in the Mediterranean, more stringent legislation, since 1986, on the implantation of residential and major engineering structures on the coastline, pressure for conservation of the cultural and environmental heritage, and greater demand for beach recreational space. This situation has forced a diversification of shore-based activities, as it has been realised that better managed beaches may balance economic aspirations while contributing to enhanced environmental quality and sensible shoreline conservation. This change in strategy has entailed considerable efforts and money on the improvement of coastal water quality, the provision of amenities for beach-goers, and especially the nourishment of eroding beaches and the creation of several artificial beaches. The extent to which beaches will continue to play a role in the sustainable development of French Riviera resorts will depend largely on the capacity of local authorities to maintain environmental quality in the face of inherited and persistent handicaps such as beach erosion.     

Assessment of Trace Metals in the Sediments From the Coastal Zone of Alexandria, Egypt

Freshly deposited surface sediments from the Alexandria coastal zone were collected and analysed in 1995 for their trace metal concentrations. Metal concentrations in the sediments vary between sites within a wide range for copper, zinc, iron, lead, chromium and cadmium. the statistical analysis between the metal concentrations and the different constituents (organic carbon, total nitrogen, silt, clay and total iron) showed significant correlations. the enrichment factors for the sediments ranged between 3 and 4-fold for copper, chromium and zinc and reached up to 9-fold for lead and 113-fold for cadmium. the highest index for cadmium and lead may be attributed to the anthropogenic inputs from the surrounding area, where they are highest in lower discharge areas.