人造板加工中质量安全控制仿真技术的研究

根据实验室加工人造板的情况,针对人造板的工艺加工过程中温度和压力的控制模型难以建立的问题,运用模糊判别与神经网络技术相结合,通过神经网络实现模糊逻辑,同时利用神经网络的自学习能力,动态调整隶属函数,采用反向传播算法和最小二乘法的混合算法,设计基于模糊神经网络技术的仿真模型,根据输入输出数据自适应调节隶属度函数的各种参数,从而调整隶属度函数的形状,保持规则的完整性,避免出现人为规则空档,使该模型具有较高的精度,并用未经训练的数据进行模型验证,得到较理想的工艺数据效果仿真模型。该模型有利于人造板加工过程的优化控制,为提高人造板质量与产量提供可参考的优化工艺。     

Consumer Control of Salt Marshes Driven by Human Disturbance

Abstract:  Salt marsh ecosystems are widely considered to be controlled exclusively by bottom–up forces, but there is mounting evidence that human disturbances are triggering consumer control in western Atlantic salt marshes, often with catastrophic consequences. In other marine ecosystems, human disturbances routinely dampen (e.g., coral reefs, sea grass beds) and strengthen (e.g., kelps) consumer control, but current marsh theory predicts little potential interaction between humans and marsh consumers. Thus, human modification of top–down control in salt marshes was not anticipated and was even discounted in current marsh theory, despite loud warnings about the potential for cascading human impacts from work in other marine ecosystems. In spite of recent experiments that have challenged established marsh dogma and demonstrated consumer-driven die-off of salt marsh ecosystems, government agencies and nongovernmental organizations continue to manage marsh die-offs under the old theoretical framework and only consider bottom–up forces as causal agents. This intellectual dependency of many coastal ecologists and managers on system-specific theory (i.e., marsh bottom–up theory) has the potential to have grave repercussions for coastal ecosystem management and conservation in the face of increasing human threats. We stress that marine vascular plant communities (salt marshes, sea grass beds, mangroves) are likely more vulnerable to runaway grazing and consumer-driven collapse than is currently recognized by theory, particularly in low-diversity ecosystems like Atlantic salt marshes.     

Recombinant human AhR-mediated GUS reporter gene assays for PCB congeners in transgenic tobacco plants in comparison with recombinant mouse and guinea pig AhRs

Four expression plasmids for recombinant human aryl hydrocarbon receptor (hAhR) consisting of a ligand binding domain of hAhR, a DNA-binding domain of LexA and a transactivation domain of VP16 as well as β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter genes were constructed. All the expression plasmids were transformed into tobacco plants. The selected transgenic tobacco plants were used to assay. PCB congeners showed GUS activity in a TEF-dependent manner. The selected transgenic tobacco plant XhD4V17 was compared with the transgenic tobacco plants XmD4V26 and XgD2V23 containing recombinant mouse (m) AhR-mediated GUS reporter gene expression cassette and recombinant guinea pig (g) AhR-mediated GUS reporter gene expression cassette for PCB congener-inducible GUS activity. The data revealed that the tobacco plant XgD2V23 was the most active in PCB congener-inducible GUS activity. In a 1:1 mixture of PCB126 and PCB80 a reduced PCB126-induced GUS activity was observed in plant XgD2V23, which could possibly be due to interaction between PCB126 and PCB80.     

New Humanitarianism: Does It Provide a Moral Banner for the 21st Century?

There is a 'new humanitarianism' for the new millennium. It is 'principled', 'human-rights based' and politically sensitive. Above all it is new. It marks a break from the past and a rejection of the traditional principles that guided humanitarianism through the last century. New humanitarians reject the political naivety of the past, assess the long-term political impact of relief and are prepared to see humanitarian aid used as a tool to achieve human rights and political goals. New Humanitarianism is compelling, in tune with our times and offers a new moral banner for humanitarians to cling to as we enter the new millennium. Or does it? After outlining the key elements of new humanitarianism, including the human rights approach and developmental relief, the paper spells out some of the dangers. The author claims that new humanitarianism results in an overt politicisation of aid in which agencies themselves use relief as a tool to achieve wider political goals. The paper shows how this approach has spawned a new conditionality which allowsfor aid to be withheld and has produced a moral hierarchy of victims in which some are more deserving than others. The paper concludes with a plea for a revival of the principle of universalism as the first step to a new set of principles.     

近40年阿克苏河流域径流变化特征及影响因素研究

利用1961—2000年近40a的气温、降水、冻土深度等逐月资料及年蒸发量资料和20世纪50年代初或中期建站起到90年代中期径流逐月实测资料．分析20世纪下半期阿克苏河流域径流变化特征及其与气候变化的关系．同时分析人类活动对径流变化的影响作用。研究表明：阿克苏河流域普遍存在升温的变化趋势，尤其是冬季升温明显；同时导致冻土层温度的升高和冻土退化；流域内降水增加趋势明显。1990年以后径流增加趋势更加明显．从年内变化分析来看。流域内各水文站春、夏季径流有明显的增大趋势；秋、冬季径流减少明显；分析径流的变化特点．主要还受到流域地表状况变化、大面积开荒及上游水库调节等人类经济活动作用的影响。     

喀斯特地区供水水库营养演化历史重建

利用²¹⁰Pb-¹³⁷Cs年代学方法，结合洪水事件沉积层，综合建立了红枫湖沉积岩芯准确的年代学模型.在此基础上，通过测定沉积物多种地球化学指标（LOI、TOC、TN、C/N比、δ¹³C_org、BSi），结合历史文献记录和已有的水质监测数据，重建了1960~2016年红枫湖营养状态变化历史.结果表明，建库以来红枫湖水体经历了多次营养状态的显著转换.其中，1991年开始水体逐渐从中营养转向富营养化状态，主要是人类活动引起的内、外源营养物质输入显著增加所致，特别是网箱养鱼活动可能起到重要作用；2000年开始，水体逐渐转向中营养化，主要是一系列保护和治理措施的实施；2004年开始，水体再次逐渐恶化，转向富营养化状态，主要是外源污染物输入增加，加上内源底泥营养物质的重新释放；2009年以来，水质逐渐改善，处于中营养化状态，主要是外源污染得到有效控制，但表层营养物质含量较高，现阶段在减少外源污染物输入的同时，应重点加强底泥污染物的治理工作.     

城市化进程监控：从“人口规模论”到可持续人居环境度

本文论述了运用人居环境可持续发展来监控城市化进程的可能性，并提出了一定的方法。     

地下水污染与人类健康

现代化的社会对地下水的污染问题是十分关切的。本文旨在介绍一些在地下水污染的控制和治理以及地下水污染所至的健康风险评价等方面的技术。