有机负荷对颗粒化SBR反应器的影响研究

研究了进水有机负荷对颗粒化SBR反应器的影响.当进水有机负荷由1.8 kg /(m³·d)逐步下降到1.575、 1.125和0.67 kg/(m³·d)时,好氧颗粒污泥形态特征发生了明显的变化,包括颗粒解体,污泥流失,颗粒化程度和整体沉降性能的下降,颗粒形状由较规则的球状变为杆状、星状等多种形状,颜色加深等.好氧颗粒污泥系统对COD和TP的去除率分别为90%和70%左右,且进水有机负荷的降低,对其影响较小,但会严重影响同步硝化反硝化的进行,当有机负荷由1.8 kg/(m³·d)下降到0.67 kg/(m³·d)时,硝化率下降了约45%,反硝化率下降了约40%.     

污水厂污泥碱式胶凝稳定化研究

采用氯氧镁稳定剂对污水厂污泥进行了稳定化实验.结果表明,氯氧镁中的MgCl₂具有高吸水性,MgCl₂对每100 g污泥的吸水效率可以达到1.55 mL/g,同时氯氧镁稳定剂在污泥中发生水化反应,还能结合部分水分,可以有效降低污泥的含水率.氯氧镁凝结硬化后的3相和5相为晶体结构,使污泥抗压强度可以达到85.14 kg/cm², 最佳的MOC/污泥=3/100,MgO/MgCl₂=3/1.同时污泥中的Si²⁺、Al³⁺、Cu²⁺等离子在Mg²⁺和OH^-激发下形成了Mg-Si-Al凝胶体系,对污泥中的重金属离子有稳定化作用.浸出实验表明,稳定化污泥中Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr、As 的含量均低于浸出标准值.     

保定城区地表灰尘污染物分布特征及健康风险评价

以河北省保定市城区为研究区域,采集了保定城区内办公区、商业区、居住区、工业区、交通区和屋顶6个类别共14个采样点的地表灰尘,分析了地表灰尘重金属和营养元素N、P在不同区域的分布特征,并分析了其可能来源.最后,应用重金属健康风险评价模型（Chronic Daily Intake,CDI）对地表灰尘中Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn 5种重金属进行了健康风险评价.结果表明,城市屋顶灰尘污染物质含量普遍高于其它区域,之后依次是商业区>交通区>工业区>办公区>居住区,Cd(5.10 mg·kg-1)、Cr(470 mg·kg-1)、Pb(997 mg·kg-1)、Zn(1377 mg·kg-1)和P(999 mg·kg-1)的最大值均来自屋顶灰尘,而Cu(867 mg·kg-1)和N(19.40 mg·kg-1) 的最大值则来自商业区的地表灰尘.重金属Cd和Cr具有复合污染特征,来源复杂且多样化;重金属Pb、Zn和Cu的含量在各区域中的变化趋势较一致且显著相关,主要来源于交通排放.Cd的平均致癌风险指数均达到了1.25×10-5,超过了美国EPA 10-6的标准,由此将导致每百万人增加12.5个癌症患者,已对当地居民的身体健康造成了严重的威胁;各种重金属的平均叠加风险度达0.124,重金属摄入为慢性参考剂量的10%左右,不会对居民的身体健康产生较大的非致癌风险.     

Effects of heavy metal pollution of highway origin on soil nematode guilds in North Shenyang, China

Soil samples were collected with distance at 5, 20, 40, 80, 160 and 320 m from the Shen-Ha Highway, Northeast China, to investigate the effect of heavy metals of highway origin on soil nematode guilds. The contents of soil Pb, Cu and Zn and the nematode community structure in this investigation were analyzed. The results showed that the contents of total and available Pb, Cu and Zn varied significantly with the different distances from the highway. Pb was the main pollutant in the soils in the vicinity of Shen-Ha Highway and the zone from 20 to 40 m away from the highway was the most polluted area. The highest abundance of soil nematodes was found at 5 m while the lowest at 20 m away from the highway. Thirty six genera of nematodes belonging to 23 families were identified. Nematode guilds having different responses to soil heavy metals were classified into four types. Soil nematode guilds may act as a prominent indicator to heavy metal pollution of highway origin.     

Concentrations and chemical forms of potentially toxic metals in road-deposited sediments from di erent zones of Hangzhou, China

The 25 road-deposited sediments were collected from five di erent land-use zones (industrial, residential, commercial, park, and countryside) in Hangzhou, China. The concentrations of metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in these samples were determined using ICP-AES after digestion with the mixture of HNO3-HF-HCl (aqua regia), and chemically fractionated according to the modified BCR (the European Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction procedure. The high metal concentration levels were detected in the sample from industrial zone and commercial zone having heavy tra c. While the low metal levels were noted in the street dust sample from residential zone, park, and countryside zone. The mobility sequence based on the sum of the BCR sequential extraction stages was: Zn (80.28%), Pb (78.68%), Cd (77.66%) > Cu (73.34%) > Mn (67.92%) > Co (41.66%) > Ni (30.36%) > Cr (21.56%), Fe (20.86%). Correlation analysis and principal component analysis were applied to the data matrix to evaluate the analytical results and to identify the possible pollution sources of metals. Factor analysis showed that these areas were mainly contaminated by three sources, namely lithology, tra c, and industry.     

淇澳岛红树林生态系统中重金属含量相关性

采集珠海淇澳岛北部大围湾的红树林区潮间带沉积物和植物组织样品若干,测定各样品中Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb的含量,四种重金属含量在各沉积物中、各植物组织中以及沉积物和植物组织之间的相关性。研究表明,沉积物中Pb和Zn含量呈极强正相关,Pb、Zn与Cd含量之间呈强正相关,其他各类重金属之间的相关性不显著。四种重金属与沉积物颗粒形态相关性均不显著。红树植物各组织对四种重金属的富集系数范围为0.001~0.72,0.006~0.39,0.053~1.97和0.004~0.24,富集能力与林龄正相关,其中对Zn、Cd和Pb的富集系数与土壤中含量呈负相关,表明在过高重金属污染胁迫的环境中红树植物有自行降低富集能力以避免被伤害的趋势。     

Assessment and mapping of environmental quality in agricultural soils of Zhejiang Province, China

Heavy metal concentrations in agricultural soils of Zhejiang Province were monitored to indicate the status of heavy metal contamination and assess environmental quality of agricultural soils. A total of 908 soil samples were collected from 38 counties in Zbejiang Province and eight heavy metal （Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Cu, Zn, Ni and As） concentrations had been evaluated in agricultural soil. It was found 775 samples were unpolluted and 133 samples were slightly polluted and more respectively, that is approximately 14.65% agricultural soil samples had the heavy metal concentration above the threshold level in this province by means of Nemerow＇s synthetical pollution index method according to the second grade of Standards for Soil Environmental Quality of China （GB15618- 1995）. Contamination of Cd was the highest, followed by Ni, As and Zn were lower correspondingly. Moreover, Inverse Distance Weighted （IDW） interpolation method was used to make an assessment map of soil environmental quality based on the Nemerow＇s pollution index and the soil environmental quality was categorized into five grades. Moreover, ten indices were calculated as input parameters for principal component analysis （PCA） and the principal components （PCs） were created to compare environmental quality of different soils and regions. The results revealed that environmental quality of tea soils was better than that of paddy soils, vegetable soils and fruit soils. This study indicated that GIS combined with multivariate statistical approaches proved to be effective and powerful tool in the mapping of soil contamination distribution and the assessment of soil environmental quality on provincial scale, which is beneficial to environmental protection and management decision-making by local government.     

Surface reaction of Bacillus cereus biomass and its biosorption for lead and copper ions

In this study, the surface chemical functional groups of Bacillus cereus biomass were identified by Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） analytical technique. It had been shown that the B. cereus cells mainly contained carboxyl, hydroxyl, phosphate, amino and amide functional groups. The potentiometric titration was conducted to explain the surface acid-base properties of aqueous B. cereus biomass. The computer program FITEQL 4.0 was used to perform the model calculations. The optimization results indicated that three sitesthree pKas model, which assumed the cell surface to have three distinct types of surface organic functional groups based on the IR analysis results, simulated the experimental results very well. Moreover, batch adsorption experiments were performed to investigate biosorption behavior of Cu（Ⅱ） and Pb（Ⅱ） ions onto the biomass. Obviously, the adsorption equilibrium data for the two ions were reasonably described by typical Langmuir isotherm.     

Start-up performances of dry anaerobic mesophilic and thermophilic digestions of organic solid wastes

Two dry anaerobic digestions of organic solid wastes were conducted for 6 weeks in a lab-scale batch experiment for investigating the start-up performances under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. The enzymatic activities, i.e., β-glucosidase, N-α-benzoyl-Largininamide （BAA）-hydrolysing protease, urease and phosphatase activities were analysed. The BAA-hydrolysing protease activity during the first 2-3 weeks was low with low pH, but was enhanced later with the pH increase. β-Glucosidase activity showed the lowest values in weeks 1-2, and recovered with the increase of BAA-hydrolysing protease activity. Acetic acid dominated most of the total VFAs in thermophilic digestion, while propionate and butyrate dominated in mesophilic digestion. Thermophilic digestion was confirmed more feasible for achieving better performance against misbalance, especially during the start-up period in a dry anaerobic digestion process.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.