模拟烹饪油烟的粒径分布与扩散

烹饪油烟颗粒物粒径分布与扩散特性研究有助于解析其对室内空气质量和居民健康的影响,采用电子低压撞击器(ELPI)实时监测了油烟机开启和关闭状态下,模拟烹饪油烟发生处和3 m外位置处,0.03~10μm范围内油烟颗粒数浓度和质量浓度随粒径分布.油烟颗粒主要以655 nm以下的细颗粒为主.油烟机能够显著降低室内油烟浓度,开启油烟机后,油烟发生处颗粒数浓度从2.8×106个·cm-3降低到2.3×105个·cm-3,PM2.5(空气动力学直径≤2.5μm的颗粒)质量浓度从85.9 mg·m-3降低到6.2 mg·m-3.油烟机对PM10的净化效率高于PM2.5.油烟迅速从发生处扩散到3 m外,无通风状态下,总颗粒数浓度衰减达65%,PM2.5质量浓度衰减达75%.计算流体动力学(CFD)模拟了油烟机对油烟PM2.5质量浓度场扩散分布影响.红外摄像仪监测了油烟温度场分布扩散,以扇形向外扩散,伴随着油烟温度梯度降低.     

2015年石家庄市采暖期一次重污染过程细颗粒物在线来源解析

近年来,我国北方采暖期的大气污染问题备受关注.以2015年11月24日至12月4日石家庄地区一次重污染过程为例,采用大气细颗粒物实时在线源解析技术,对不同时段细颗粒物来源解析结果和各类源粒径分布、重污染期间各类源的质谱特征,结合气象条件进行综合分析.结果表明：重污染期间主要污染物来源为燃煤、工业工艺、机动车尾气和二次无机源;低压、静稳条件和低空传输共同作用下,以燃煤及工业工艺源排放颗粒物为主的细颗粒物严重累积,二次转化加剧,导致此次重污染的发生;来自燃煤源的颗粒物以混合碳为主,工业工艺源以金属为主,机动车尾气源以元素碳和金属锰为主,纯二次无机源以二次无机离子为主,来自扬尘源的颗粒物以铝、钙、铁和硅酸盐为主,生物质燃烧源以左旋葡聚糖LEV为主,餐饮源以有机酸为特征信号;与重污染前后不同,八类源于重污染发生期间在整个粒径段呈现均匀分布状态.     

SCAR处理城市生活污水的效能及其微生物群落动态分析

利用强化循环厌氧反应器(SCAR)处理模拟城市生活污水,研究不同负荷条件下的反应器运行特征、污泥特性及微生物种群结构.结果表明,水力停留时间(HRT)为6 h可以作为反应器高效运行的关键控制参数,该条件下污水化学需氧量(COD)去除率达到75%以上.随着反应器容积负荷的逐渐提高,颗粒污泥中辅酶F420和产甲烷活性(SMA)逐渐增加,胞外聚合物(EPS)含量也不断提高,其中紧密黏附EPS(TB-EPS)含量的增加尤其明显.厌氧颗粒污泥性状和反应器对污染物的去除效率同时受到污泥负荷和HRT的影响,微生物的群落结构及其在反应器中的空间分布也受到污泥负荷的影响,不同代谢特征微生物在反应器不同空间位置的相对丰度随着污泥负荷的调整而改变.     

利用3 nm~20 μm颗粒物粒径分布测量仪对南宁市大气颗粒物粒径分布特征进行研究

利用颗粒物粒径分布测量仪(particle size distribution system,PSD)对南宁市2016年11月15日—12月4日大气颗粒物进行实时监测,分析颗粒物数浓度、粒径分布特征及其与颗粒物质量浓度的关系.结果表明,南宁市3 nm~20μm颗粒物平均数浓度为3269个·cm-3,粒径呈双峰分布,主峰值出现在28 nm左右,次峰值出现在100 nm左右.颗粒物数浓度随时间变化呈现一定规律,即早上8:00—10:00和晚上18:00—20:00左右出现浓度高值,这与早晚高峰有关.新粒子一般在16:00~18:00左右开始生成,18:00—20:00左右逐渐长大,并在夜间至凌晨保持较高的浓度.南宁市监测期间新粒子生成与机动车尾气排放有关.颗粒物质量浓度越大对应的数浓度也相应较高,较大粒径颗粒物对质量浓度贡献较大.降雨和风速加大过程对颗粒物数浓度下降有影响;温度和湿度对颗粒物数浓度影响不明显.     

A Contemporary,Sex‐Limited Change in Body Size of an Estuarine Turtle in Response to Commercial Fishing

Abstract: Juvenile growth rate and adult body size are important components of life‐history strategies because of their direct impact on fitness. The diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin) is a sexually dimorphic, long‐lived turtle inhabiting brackish waters throughout the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. In parts of its range, terrapins face anthropogenically imposed mortality: juveniles of both sexes inadvertently enter commercial crab traps and drown. For adult females, the carapace eventually grows large enough that they cannot enter traps, whereas males almost never reach that critical size. We compared age structure, carapace dimensions, growth curves, and indices of sexual dimorphism for a Chesapeake Bay population of terrapins (where mortality of turtles is high due to crab traps) with contemporary terrapins from Long Island Sound and museum specimens from Chesapeake Bay (neither group subject to commercial crab traps). We also calculated the allochronic and synchronic rates of evolutionary change (haldanes) for males and females to measure the rate of trait change in a population or between populations, respectively. We found a dramatic shift to a younger male age structure, a decrease in the length of time to terminal female carapace size, a 15% increase in female carapace width, and an increase in sexual dimorphism in Chesapeake Bay. In a new twist, our results implicate a fishery in the selective increase in size of a reptilian bycatch species. These sex‐specific changes in life history and demography have implications for population viability that need to be considered when addressing conservation of this threatened turtle.     

湖北郧西县庹家湾剖面粒度组成特征及其环境意义

对湖北省郧西县庹家湾(TJW)剖面的地层序列、年代、磁化率及粒度组成进行研究。结果表明:TJW剖面具有表土(MS)→全新世黄土(L0)→古土壤(S0)→过渡层(Lt)→马兰黄土(L1)→黄土与砂互层(T1-al2)→砾石层(T1-al1)的地层序列;在马兰黄土层上部的黏粒含量、黏粒/粉砂值以及磁化率值明显高于典型马兰黄土,而接近古土壤(S0),其成壤作用明显,属于较典型的弱古土壤层(L1-S1和L1-S2),其年龄在27.3~21.6 ka B.P.之间。此现象反映了在汉江上游地区,晚更新世时期的冰期气候并不是持续稳定的,在27.3~21.6 ka B.P.期间存在相对短暂的温暖湿润阶段,这次气候事件可与黄土高原地区进行良好对比。     

TiO2载体对Mn-Ce/TiO2催化剂脱硝活性的影响

以TiO₂为载体,选取过渡金属元素Mn为活性组分,稀土金属元素Ce为活性助剂,采用分步共混法制备了Mn-Ce/TiO₂催化剂（活性组分负载量16%）,系统研究了TiO₂载体的晶型和晶粒尺寸对催化剂脱硝活性的影响。实验结果表明：分别以锐钛矿型和金红石型TiO₂为载体制备的催化剂,其低温脱硝活性相差不大,活性组分均以无定型态高度分散于载体中,以金红石型TiO₂为载体制备的催化剂中部分TiO₂转变为锐钛矿型;以不同晶粒尺寸TiO₂载体制备的催化剂的低温脱硝活性相差较大,比表面积较大、晶粒尺寸较小的TiO₂载体制备的催化剂,其脱硝活性低于晶粒尺寸较大的TiO₂载体制备的催化剂。     

长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物分布特征

根据长江口和杭州湾北部沉积物粒度分析数据，研究表层沉积物类型、分布以及分区特征。结果表明：沉积物的分布特征受水动力条件、地貌类型以及泥沙来源等因素的综合影响，长江口表层沉积物在纵向分布上，自西向东粒径从粗到细、分选程度从好至差，在横向上自北港－北槽－南槽，沉积物粒度逐渐变细；水流动力作用强的河槽和波浪作用强的口门浅滩沉积物粒度较粗，水动力较弱的河口边滩及口外海滨区沉积物则较细。根据沉积物分布特征可将长江口及其邻近海域分为河口分汊河段沉积区、河口拦门沙沉积区、口外海滨沉积区和杭州湾北部沉积区等4个沉积区。     

粒径对镁粉爆炸特性的影响

在简要分析了镁粉爆炸的过程和特性基础上,结合在20 L球型爆炸测试装置中对粒径D50为6,47,104,173 μm镁粉的爆炸特性实验数据,着重分析了粒径对镁粉爆炸特性所产生的影响.实验结果表明,随着粒径的增大,镁粉的爆炸危险性随之减小.     

Vertical distribution of anthropogenic radionuclides in cores from contaminated floodplains of the Yenisey River

The Mining and Chemical Industrial Combine, Zheleznogorsk (MCIC, previously known as Krasnoyarsk-26) on the River Yenisey has contaminated the surrounding environment with anthropogenic radionuclides as a result of discharges of radioactive wastes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the vertical distribution of anthropogenic contamination (¹³⁷Cs and plutonium) within floodplain areas at different distances from the discharge point. Sites were chosen that display different characteristics with respect to periodic inundation with river water. Cs-137 activity concentrations were in the range 23–3770 Bq/kg (dry weight, d.w.); Pu-239,240 activity concentrations were in the range <0.01–14.2 Bq/kg (d.w.). Numerous sample cores exhibited sub-surface maxima which may be related to the historical discharges from the MCIC. Possible evidence indicating the deposition of earlier discharges at MCIC in deeper core layers was observed in the ²³⁸Pu:^239,240Pu activity ratio data: a Pu signal discernible from global fallout could be observed in numerous samples. Cs-137 and Pu-239,240 activity concentrations were correlated with the silt fraction (% by mass <63 μm) though no significant correlation was observed between (grain-size) normalised ¹³⁷Cs activity concentrations and distance downstream from the MCIC.