生物炭对铅离子的吸附性能

以废弃松木屑为原料,采用控制热分解法制备了生物炭。运用BET和FTIR等技术对生物炭进行了表征,考察了生物炭对铅离子的吸附效果,并探讨了吸附机理。表征结果显示,700℃氨气处理的生物炭,其比表面积和总孔体积显著增大。实验结果表明:生物炭对铅离子的吸附效果优于普通活性炭,且以700℃氨气处理的生物炭为最佳;随溶液pH的升高生物炭对铅离子的去除率增大,当pH为4~6时去除效果较好;在溶液pH为6、初始铅离子质量浓度为50 mg/L、吸附剂加入量为1 g/L、吸附时间为6 h的条件下,700℃氨气处理的生物炭对铅离子的去除率达99%以上;700℃氨气处理的生物炭的Langmuir吸附常数和Freundlich吸附常数远大于普通活性炭和其他工艺的生物炭;铅离子在生物炭上的吸附过程符合拟二级动力学方程。     

高炉渣制备聚硅酸硫酸铝铁混凝剂

以高炉渣为原料,分别采用酸浸及碱浸-酸化工艺得到铁、铝离子及聚硅酸,再将铁、铝离子引入聚硅酸制得聚硅酸硫酸铝铁(PSAFS)混凝剂。考察了PSAFS的聚合条件对焦化废水混凝效果的影响,并与市售混凝剂进行了对比。实验结果表明:PSAFS的最佳制备条件为n(Al+Fe)∶n(Si)=0.53,混凝剂p H=1,熟化时间0.5 h,熟化温度60℃;PSAFS加入量为4 m L/L时,混凝效果最好,对焦化废水的浊度和COD的去除率分别达到98.9%和74.5%;PSAFS的性能优于市售的3种混凝剂。     

磁性纳米γ-Fe2O3/SiO2去除水中亚甲基蓝

以纳米γ-Fe₂O₃为磁性介质制备了磁性纳米γ-Fe₂O₃/SiO₂,并将其用于水中亚甲基蓝的吸附。表征结果显示：制备的γ-Fe₂O₃/SiO₂呈不规则核壳结构,平均粒径为38 nm,比表面积为74.35 m²/g,比饱和磁化强度为55 A·m²/kg。实验结果表明：γ-Fe₂O₃/SiO₂对亚甲基蓝的吸附适宜在中碱性条件下进行,4 h即可达吸附平衡;在初始亚甲基蓝质量浓度为180 mg/L、γ-Fe₂O₃/SiO₂加入量为2 g/L、初始溶液pH为7.0、吸附温度为298 K的条件下,吸附量最高为25.4 mg/g;共存金属离子会降低吸附效率,而少量的腐殖酸则会促进吸附;吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,颗粒内扩散不是唯一的控速步骤;等温吸附满足Langmuir模型,该吸附是一个物理吸附过程;用乙醇洗涤的γ-Fe₂O₃/SiO₂重复使用4次时仍能保持约80%的原吸附量。     

薏米壳生物炭的制备及其对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附性能

采用限氧控温热分解法在不同温度下制备了薏米壳生物炭。研究了薏米壳生物炭对低浓度Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附性能及吸附机理。随碳化温度升高,薏米壳管状通道微孔结构逐渐显现,薏米壳生物炭表面芳香化程度增强。薏米壳生物炭对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附行为采用Langmuir等温吸附模型吻合度更高,吸附属于单分子层化学吸附,吸附过程是自发的、熵增吸热反应,吸附过程遵循准二级吸附动力学模型,膜扩散和颗粒内扩散共同控制吸附过程。     

Development and Testing of a Physically Based Model of Streambank Erosion for Coupling with a Basin‐Scale Hydrologic Model SWAT

A comprehensive streambank erosion model based on excess shear stress has been developed and incorporated in the hydrological model Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). It takes into account processes such as weathering, vegetative cover, and channel meanders to adjust critical and effective stresses while estimating bank erosion. The streambank erosion model was tested for performance in the Cedar Creek watershed in north‐central Texas where streambank erosion rates are high. A Rapid Geomorphic field assessment (RAP‐M) of the Cedar Creek watershed was done adopting techniques developed by the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), and the stream segments were categorized into various severity classes. Based on the RAP‐M field assessment, erosion pin sites were established at seven locations within the severely eroding streambanks of the watershed. A Monte Carlo simulation was carried out to assess the sensitivity of different parameters that control streambank erosion such as critical shear stress, erodibility, weathering depth, and weathering duration. The sensitive parameters were adjusted and the model was calibrated based on the bank erosion severity category identified by the RAP‐M field assessment. The average observed erosion rates were in the range 25‐367 mm year^?1. The SWAT model was able to reasonably predict the bank erosion rates within the range of variability observed in the field (R² = 0.90; E = 0.78). Editor's note : This paper is part of the featured series on SWAT Applications for Emerging Hydrologic and Water Quality Challenges. See the February 2017 issue for the introduction and background to the series.     

Assessment of indoor radiation level in the environs of the uranium deposit area of West Khasi Hills District,Meghalaya, India

An estimation of the indoor background radiation dose distribution was carried out in dwellings of eleven villages located within and around the uranium mineralization area of Kylleng-Pyndensohiong, Mawthabah in West Khasi Hills District of Meghalaya, India. The ambient indoor gamma radiation level was monitored using Thermo Luminescence Dosimeters (TLDs) while the indoor radon and thoron concentration was measured using twin-cup dosimeters employing Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTDs). Results obtained from the study reveals that the local inhabitants of villages located close to the mining site receive higher doses than those inhabitants of villages located at a much farther distance from the mining site. The average total annual effective dose was found to be varying from 1.2 mSv y⁻¹ in the village of Langpa to 3.4 mSv y⁻¹ in the village of Nongbah Jynrin. The data obtained will serve as a reference in documenting changes to environmental radioactivity if mining is to be carried out in the future.     

基于RS和GIS的2008年长江中下游雪灾监测——以湖北省为例

2008年1月中旬至2月初,我国长江中下游地区出现了大范围持续低温、雨雪、冰冻天气气候事件,造成了特大积雪灾害。以湖北省为例,基于RS和GIS技术对这次雪灾进行了动态的监测评估。利用连续多天的卫星遥感资料和积雪深度观测资料,在GIS的支持下,计算归一化差分积雪指数（NDSI）,提取积雪分布信息,并根据不同海拔高度,确定了积雪深度的NDSI分层阈值,实现了3层积雪深度(0～10、10～20 和20～30 cm)的判识。针对积雪区内不同的土地利用类型,统计了不同深度的积雪面积。结果表明：湖北省近90%面积被雪覆盖,其中江汉平原、鄂东北和鄂东南等地雪灾最为严重,部分地区积雪深度在20 cm以上;水田、旱地等农业用地以及湖泊、水库、河渠等水系积雪最为严重,居民点用地也有较大范围的积雪,居民生活受较大影响;2月2日以后积雪面积逐日减少,到2月8日,积雪基本融化。在上述研究基础上形成了基于RS和GIS的长江中下游积雪监测的业务流程.     

人工湿地中基质与植物对污染物去除效率的影响

针对太湖五里湖富营养化水体,采用中试规模的人工湿地现场实验开展了不同基质、不同植物的污染物去除效果研究。基质采用炉渣和沸石2种,在一个湿地池种植单一植物茭白,另一个湿地池种植鸢尾＋菖蒲混合植物,同时构建了无植物的对照组湿地。研究表明：（1）在运行初期,沸石和炉渣2种基质对TN、TP的去除率差异为12.5%和12.6%,吸附饱和后,2种基质对TN和TP的去除率差异缩小为3.2%和6.1%,从长期运行来看,炉渣和沸石2种基质在人工湿地中的去除效率差异将减小;（2）茭白单一植物湿地对污染物的去除率与鸢尾＋菖蒲混合植物湿地对污染物的去除率两者之间差异不大;（3）人工湿地种植植物后对TN、TP的去除率比无植物状态时分别高出13.6%和19.5%,植物在人工湿地中对污染物的去除发挥了重要作用;（4）在本试验条件下,茭白吸收所去除的氮数量为湿地氮总去除量的8.95%,茭白吸收去除磷的数量为湿地磷总去除量的20.16%,在人工湿地中,茭白吸收对磷的去除效率比对氮的去除效率高。     

Development of a Methodology for Strategic Environmental Assessment: Application to the Assessment of Golf Course Installation Policy in Taiwan

Some countries, including Taiwan, have adopted strategic environmental assessment (SEA) to assess and modify proposed policies, plans, and programs (PPPs) in the planning phase for pursuing sustainable development. However, there were only some sketchy steps focusing on policy assessment in the system of Taiwan. This study aims to develop a methodology for SEA in Taiwan to enhance the effectiveness associated with PPPs. The proposed methodology comprises an SEA procedure involving PPP management and assessment in various phases, a sustainable assessment framework, and an SEA management system. The SEA procedure is devised based on the theoretical considerations by systems thinking and the regulative requirements in Taiwan. The positive and negative impacts on ecology, society, and economy are simultaneously considered in the planning (including policy generation and evaluation), implementation, and control phases of the procedure. This study used the analytic hierarchy process, Delphi technique, and systems analysis to develop a sustainable assessment framework. An SEA management system was built based on geographic information system software to process spatial, attribute, and satellite image data during the assessment procedure. The proposed methodology was applied in the SEA of golf course installation policy in 2001 as a case study, which was the first SEA in Taiwan. Most of the 82 existing golf courses in 2001 were installed on slope lands and caused a serious ecological impact. Assessment results indicated that 15 future golf courses installed on marginal lands (including buffer zones, remedied lands, and wastelands) were acceptable because the comprehensive environmental (ecological, social, and economic) assessment value was better based on environmental characteristics and management regulations of Taiwan. The SEA procedure in the planning phase for this policy was completed but the implementation phase of this policy was not begun because the related legislation procedure could not be arranged due to a few senators’ resistance. A self-review of the control phase was carried out in 2006 using this methodology. Installation permits for 12 courses on slope lands were terminated after 2001 and then 27 future courses could be installed on marginal lands. The assessment value of this policy using the data on ecological, social, and economic conditions from 2006 was higher than that using the data from 2001. The analytical results illustrate that the proposed methodology can be used to effectively and efficiently assist the related authorities for SEA.     

基于矿渣的一种新型建筑材料试验研究

通过化学分析、抗压强度、抗折强度等试验,研究了一种以矿渣为主要成分的新型建筑材料。试验结果表明：该种新型建筑材料的抗压强度和抗折强度能够达到525水泥相关要求,可满足实际工程的需要。