2297-T87铝锂合金用于大气腐蚀性的比较

目的利用铝锂合金的大气腐蚀试验结果评价大气腐蚀性。方法对第三代铝锂合金2297-T87在6个自然环境试验站户外暴露后的腐蚀质量损失、腐蚀速率、腐蚀深度、拉伸性能进行分析,综合评价各地区大气腐蚀性。结果2297-T87铝锂合金在团岛、万宁、永兴岛暴露1年后出现显著腐蚀,腐蚀质量损失和腐蚀速率约为江津的2倍、西双版纳的4倍,北京的腐蚀质量损失和腐蚀速率最低。合金最大腐蚀深度的变化趋势与腐蚀质量损失和腐蚀速率的变化趋势一致。观察横截面发现,在万宁、永兴岛、江津暴露后,合金发生严重的点蚀,在腐蚀产物覆盖区域下方形成不规则蚀坑,而在团岛暴露后,合金内部发生晶间腐蚀。合金在江津、永兴岛、万宁、团岛暴露后的拉伸性能仍比较接近,且拉伸强度保持率在90%以上。结论将2297-T87铝锂合金暴露1年后的腐蚀质量损失、腐蚀速率、腐蚀深度作为表征指标,获得各试验站的大气腐蚀性顺序为:北京<西双版纳<江津<永兴岛<万宁<团岛。     

Testing of dust clouds for the electrostatic-spark ignition hazard in industry. Need for a modified approach?

Current standard test methods for electric-spark minimum ignition energies (MIEs) of dust clouds in air require that a series inductance of at least 1–2 mH be included in the electric-spark discharge circuit. The reason is to prolong the spark discharge duration and thus minimize the spark energy required for ignition. However, when assessing the minimum electrostatic energy ½CU² for dust cloud ignition by accidental electrostatic-spark discharges, current testing standards require that the series inductance of at least 1–2 mH be removed from the spark discharge circuit. No other changes of apparatus and test procedure are required. The present paper questions whether this simple approach is always adequate. The reason is that in practice in industry accidental electrostatic-spark discharge circuits may contain large ohmic resistances due to corrosion, poor electrical grounding connections, poorly electrically conducting construction materials etc. The result is increased spark discharge durations and reduced mechanical disturbance of the dust cloud by the blast wave emitted by the spark. Therefore, testing for minimum ½CU² for ignition by accidental electrostatic spark discharges may not only require removal of the series inductance of 1–2 mH from the standard MIE spark discharge circuit. Additional tests may be needed with one or more quite large series resistances R_s inserted into the spark discharge circuit. The present paper proposes a modified standard test procedure for measurement of the minimum electrostatic-spark ignition energy of dust clouds that accounts for these effects.     

深水测试地面流程节流油嘴段温压场研究*

为对深水高压气井测试地面流程中的节流油嘴段的温压场及水合物生成情况进行研究,采用数值模拟的方式对整个节流管路进行气体流动特性分析。并利用P-T图回归公式法,得出不同温压场条件下的水合物生成情况,进行水合物生成范围对比。结果表明:针阀出口后端气体速度随着管路入口压力和针阀直径的增大而增大,随管路出口压力的增大而减小,而气体温度随管路入口压力、管路出口压力、针阀直径的变化趋势与之相反。管路入口压力的递增、管路出口压力的递减以及针阀直径的递增,都会导致针阀突变径处的速度场、温压场波动更加剧烈,并使得水合物生成范围扩大。     

加强建筑工人安全培训的构想

分析国内建筑工人安全培训的现状,指出导致建筑工人安全意识和技能差是接受安全培训少。为了减少事故率,必须加强建筑工人的安全培训。借鉴并发展了香港特区实行的建筑工人"绿卡制度",提出在我国内地实施建筑工人注册绿卡制度,及实施构想,即以注册绿卡为核心,现有的安全培训机构承担该培训任务,安监部门对其监管与工作指导,建设安全机构检查与督促建筑施工单位雇用有绿卡的建筑工人,对建筑公司实行规范安全培训及违者重罚的构想。对具体培训措施,如建筑工人的工地属地化管理,考培分离,建立全国建筑工人绿卡管理信息系统,培训经费来源等也进行了探讨。     

Effect of organic matter and pH on mercury release from soils

An investigation was conducted on the effect of organic matter(OM)and pH on mercury(Hg)release from soils.Hg release flux was measured using the dynamic flux chamber(DFC)combined with the Lumex multifunctional mercury analyzer in both laboratory experiment and field monitoring.The results showed that Hg emission from the OM-added soils was apparently low because of the high affinity of OM to Hg,resulting in the reverse order as the amount of OM addition.Meanwhile,Hg release flux from different pH value soils exhibited the same trend for both Hg~(2 )and Hg_2~(2 )treatment,increasing the Hg flux with pH value of soils increasing.The trend of Hg release in the pH dependence experiment has been well in agreement with that from the field test.In addition,Hg release seemed to be related to its species in the soil,the flux from Hg~(2 )-added soil was obviously higher than that of Hg_2~(2 )-added soil by the laboratory experiment.     

Feasibility and simulation model of a pilot scale membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment and reuse from Chinese traditional medicine

The lack and pollution of water resource make wastewater reuse necessary. The pilot scale long-term tests for submerged membrane bioreactor were conducted to treat the effluents of anaerobic or aerobic treatment process for the high-strength Chinese traditional medicine wastewater. This article was focused on the feasibility of the wastewater treatment and reuse at shorter hydraulic retention time （HRT） of 5.0, 3.2 and 2.13 h. MLSS growth, membrane flux, vacuum values and chemical cleaning periods were also investigated. The experimental results of treating two-phase anaerobic treatment effluent demonstrated that the CODfilt was less than 100 mg/L when the influent COD was between 500-10000 mg/L at HRT of 5.0 h, which could satisfy the normal discharged standard in China. The experimental results to treat cross flow aerobic reactor effluent demonstrated that the average value of CODfilt was 17.28 mg/L when the average value of influent COD was 192.84 mg/L at HRT of 2.13 h during 106 d, which could completely meet the normal standard for water reuse. The maximum MLSS and MLVSS reached 24000 and 14500 mg/L at HRT of 3.2 h respectively. Membrane flux had maximal resume degrees of 94.7% at vacuum value of 0.02 MPa after cleaning. Chemical cleaning periods of membrane module were 150 d. A simulation model of operational parameters was also established based on the theory of back propagation neural network and linear regression of traditional mathematical model. The simulation model showed that the optimum operational parameters were suggested as follows： HRT was 5.0 h, SRT was 100 d, the range of COD loading rate was between 10.664-20.451 kg/（m3.d）, the range of MLSS was between 7543-13694 mg/L.     

加拿大西北油田试井分离器厂房爆炸事故

介绍了试井分离器厂房内可燃气体积聚爆炸事故的经过,分析了事故发生的直接原因和间接原因,并提出了相应的改进建议.     

Beijing Tong Ren Tang Company Limited Scientific Research Institute, Beijing 100011, China

By dynamic method under UV irradiation,commercial melt-blown polypropylene(PPMB)filter element was modified with acrylamide(AAm)using benzophenone(BP)as initiator.Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope verified that polyacrylamide chain was grafted on the fiber surface of PPMB filter element.Elemental content analysis with energy dispersive X-ray of fibers revealed that the polymerization content in the inner part of filter element was relatively higher than that in the outer.Degree of grafting changed with initiator concentration,monomer concentration,reaction temperature and reached 2.6% at the reaction condition:C_(BP)=0.06 mol/L,C_(AAm)=2.0 mol/L,irradiation time:80 min,temperature: 60℃.Relative water flux altered with the hydrophilicity and pore size of filter element.In the antifouling test,the modified filter gave greater flux recovery(approximately 70%)after filtration of the water extract of Liuweidihuang,suggesting that the fouling layer was more easily reversible due to the hydrophilic nature of the modified filter.     

紫外荧光法和化学发光法同时测定油品中的痕量硫和氮含量

用紫外荧光法和化学发光法同时测定油品中的痕量硫和氮含量,确定了油品中硫和氮转化为SO2、NO的最佳条件;测定了试样中硫和氮含量,测定结果的相对标准偏差分别为0.92%、3.63%,回收率为92%～104%.     

Effects of calcined aluminum salts on the advanced dewatering and solidification/stabilization of sewage sludge

The high moisture content (80%) in the sewage dewatered sludge is the main obstacle to disposal and recycling. A chemical dewatering and stabilization/solidification (S/S) alternative for the sludge was developed, using calcined aluminum salts (AS) as solidifier, and CaCl2, Na2SO4 and CaSO4 as accelerators, to enhance the mechanical compressibility making the landfill operation possible. The properties of the resultant matrixes were determined in terms of moisture contents, unconfined compressive strength, products of hydration, and toxicity characteristics. The results showed that AS exhibited a moderate pozzolanic activity, and the mortar AS0 obtained with 5% AS and 10% CaSO4 of AS by weight presented a moisture contents below 50%–60% and a compressive strength of (51.32 ± 2.9) kPa after 5–7 days of curing time, meeting the minimum requirement for sanitary landfill. The use of CaSO4 obviously improved the S/S performance, causing higher strength level. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetrydifferential scanning calorimetry investigations revealed that a large amount of hydrates (viz., gismondine and CaCO3) were present in solidified sludge, leading to the depletion of evaporable water and the enhancement of the strength. In addition, the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and horizontal vibration (HJ 557-2009) leaching test were conducted to evaluate their environmental compatibility. It was found that the solidified products conformed to the toxicity characteristic criteria in China and could be safely disposed of in a sanitary landfill.