3,5-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐硝化抑制作用初探

采用室内培养实验的方法,以不加抑制剂的尿素作为对照,对比研究DMPP及它的同分异构体3,5-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐作为硝化抑制剂对尿素氮在土壤中转化的影响.结果表明,3,5-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐具有一定的硝化抑制作用.在培养期间,施加3,5-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐的土壤中硝态氮的含量一周后始终低于对照,铵态氮的含量一用后始终高于对照.但在培养试验中后期(三周以后),3,5-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐的硝化抑制效果劣于DMPP.3,5-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐能否作为新型硝化抑制剂,还要对它的生理、生态效应等进行进一步的研究.     

影响土壤重金属生物毒性的若干因子

本文应用发光细菌法探讨了土壤类型、粘土矿物、无定形金属氧化物、吸附剂对重金属纯溶液以及重金属污染土壤的降毒效应.红壤、砖红壤对Cu、Cd、Pb呈现负的降毒效应,而对As具有明显的降毒作用.黑土、黄棕壤对供试阳离子金属具有明显的降毒效应,对As降毒却不明显.试验证明粘土矿物及其组成是影响土壤重金属毒性的最基本因素.无定形氧化锰对供试阳离子金属的降毒能力大于无定形氧化铁,对As的效应二者则相反.不同吸附剂对Cu、Cd、Pb呈现基本相同的降毒顺序,即炉烟灰>活性炭>泥炭>干活性污泥,不同配比吸附剂对红壤添加性阳离子和东乡铜矿污染土壤均具有明显的降毒作用.添加吸附剂的东乡铜矿污染土壤随着土壤溶液毒性的消除,随之也消除或减轻了其对水稻种芽的急性毒害.     

城市特定生境下土壤动物的生态分布

通过对2002年9月至2003年3月间上海3种生境类型下土壤动物的调查,共捕获土壤动物3863个,属27个类群,其中绿地中的类群数和个体数多于农田和废弃地。农田中的优势类群为弹尾类(collembola)和蚯蚓类(Oligchaeta);废弃地中的优势类群为线虫类(Nematoda)、双翅类幼虫(Diptera(L))、螨类(Acarina)和弹尾类(Collembola);绿地中的优势类群为线蚓类(Enchytraeidae)和弹尾类(Collembola)。绿地中的优势类群为农田和绿地中的Simpson,优势度指数除12月外均高于废弃地,与Pielou均匀性指数相反,但Shannon-Wiener多样性指数规律不明显。土壤动物的数量和种类在10月份最多,随天气转冷而减少,绿地和废弃地中土壤动物个体数于次年3月份逐渐增多,农田中的于次年1月逐渐增多。表聚性显著,Ⅰ层(0～5cm)最多,Ⅱ(5～10cm)、Ⅲ(10～15cm)两层差异不大。     

中国主要类型土壤Cd、Pb、Cu和As的主要生态学指标和临界含量

通过对中国主要类型土壤中Cd、Cu、Pb、As的生态效应和环境影响以及多指标、多体系确定土壤元素临界含量的研究,提出了中国主要类型土壤Cd、Cu、Pb、As的临界含量及其系统分类特征.     

Effects of simulated acid rain on cation release in soils of South China

This paper deals with the release of base cations and Al3+ at the treatment with simulated acid rain (SAR) in main soil types collected from South China. Results showed that the amounts of base cations increased obviously when the pH value of simulated acid rain was lower than 3.0 or 3.5. Compared with the leaching of K+ and Na+, the leaching of Ca2+ and Mg2+ was affected by the pH value of SAR. Only when the amounts of base cations leached from soils exceeded the cation exchange capacity, the pH value of leaching solutions decreased sharply and the amounts of released Al3+ increased. The H+ buffering mechanisms, which were affected notonly by the pH values of SAR, but also by the types and solid components of soils, were proposed for the main soils studied.     

Photocatalytic remediation of γ-hexachlorocyclohexane contaminated soils using TiO2 and montmorillonite composite photocatalyst

TiO2 and montmorillonite composite photocatalysts were prepared and applied in degrading γ-hexachlorocyclohexane(γ-HCH)in soils.After being spiked with γ-HCH,soil samples loaded with the composite photocatalysts were exposed to UV-light irradiation.The results indicated that the photocatalytic activities of the composite photocatalysts varied with the content of TiO2 in the order of 10%＜70%＜50%＜30%.Moreover,the photocatalytic activity of the composite photocatalysts with TiO2 content 30% was higher than that of the pure P25 with the same mass of TiO2.The strong adsorption capacity of the composite photocatalysts and quantum size effect may contribute to its increased photocatalytic activities.In addition,effect of dosage of composite photocatalysts and soil pH on γ-HCH photodegradation was investigated. Pentachlorocyclohexene,trichlorocyclohexene,and dichlorobenzene were detected as photodegradation intermediates,which were gradually degraded with tlle phOtOdegradation evolution.     

Analysis and improving ways for water condition in winter wheat field of dryland in subhumid areas of the loess plateau

Based on the soil moisture data from the locating experiments from 1986-1990, and using the water balance method, the water supply and demand state in the field of winter wheat, and the ways for improving water condition in dryland of subhumid by dry area of the Loess Plateau were studied. The results suggested that a low precipitation satisfying ratio of 42.9%-58.8% appears in the growing period of winter wheat, and the yield, to a great extent depends on the water that was stored in deep soil layer in the previous rainy season. The filed trial results showed that tillage in the summer fallow period,straw cover, soil moisture regulation with adequate fertilization, crop rotation and proper croppingsystem could be the efficient ways for improving the water condition,and for the exploitation and utilization of natural water resources(both precipitation and soil water) in the winter wheat field of dryland.     

接种菌根对根际微生物群落和磷营养的影响

以白三叶草和紫花苜蓿为供试植物,采用三室装置对不同接种处理的根际土壤微生物数量以及磷营养状况进行了研究.研究结果表明,接种混合茵根真菌的侵染率显著高于其他两种接种单一菌根真菌的处理.接种菌根对植物生长以及根际土壤微生物群落数量的促进作用均较为明显,三种接种处理植物之间的生物量差异不大,接种AM菌根促进了细茵和放线茵数量的增加,对真菌数量略有促进.接种菌根对根际土壤磷吸收有显著的促进作用,有利于植被的生长,为进一步的生态恢复与生物多样性研究奠定理论基础.     

电动修复铬污染土壤的实验研究

对电动修复铬污染土壤进行了实验室研究。选用重铬酸钾作为污染物,其最初浓度为100mg/kg,实验过程中施加1DCV/cm的恒定电压,运行48h。结果表明电动修复可以去除土壤中存在的铬,去除效率可达81%。