Governing the termination problem in solar radiation management

ABSTRACT

Technologies for Solar Radiation Management (SRM) could limit global warming by manipulating the Earth’s radiation balance. A major objection to SRM is the termination problem: the catastrophic consequences that are likely to result from its sudden discontinuation. The termination problem limits the reversibility of policy choices and poses the risk of inadvertent or enforced program collapse. It is often considered a major impediment to the governability of SRM. In a first attempt to systematically engage with the question of institutional design for resolving the termination problem, the scenarios in which the termination problem arises as well as their respective drivers are identified. Scenarios and drivers are then used to derive institutional solutions in the form of excludable benefits, scientific oversight and phase-out mechanisms. While other objections to SRM may remain valid, it is concluded that the termination problem raises fewer challenges for international governance than is usually assumed.     

几种新式太阳能光催化反应器的探讨

本文综述了几种新式的太阳能光催化反应器 ,对其结构和处理效果进行了比较 ,并对该法处理水的经济性进行简单的概述 ,指出光催化法是一种可以充分利用太阳能、具有很大发展潜力的水处理方法     

太阳能作污泥厌氧消化加热热源试验研究

太阳能用作污泥厌氧消化加热的可靠性进行了小试和中试研究.小试结果表明污泥吸热效率高.是一种较好的吸热体.浅槽式集热器水温随太阳辐射强度增高而升高,随水深增加而降低,小试采用单(双)层玻璃浅槽式集热器.中型试验太阳能水箱水温温升,在气温低时12.4℃～20.5℃,气温高时16℃～24.8℃,太阳能集热器可作为污泥厌氧消化加热补充热源.     

TiO2多孔纳米微粒的制备及其物性表征

首次利用高分子悬浮聚合与溶胶－凝胶法相结合的技术，成功地制备了具有中空结构的TiO2多孔微粒，并用X－Ray,SEM,自动气体吸附仪等手段对其物理性质进行了系统表征，在最优pH条件下制备的TiO2微粒比表面可达67.5m^2/g，平均粒径为2μm，孔体积为0.1cm^3/g。与商品纳米TiO2相比，其微米尺寸使其具有易于分离和重复使用等优点，晶粒的结构特点决定了其具有高催化活性。     

紫外线辐射对人体的影响及其预报

世界气象组织规定了单位紫外线指数相当于25mw/m2的红斑加权剂量率 .紫外线指数预报大致可分为统计预报和模式预报两种方法.统计预报主要依赖于紫外线的实测资料和对相关气象要素的观测.而模式预报主要依赖于对平流层臭氧的预报和大气辐射传输模式的应用.     

A method for calculating the total ozone amount in the clear skies

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Enhanced solar still productivity using transparent walls with an integral trough and organic porous absorber material

This experimental work has been conducted to compare the performance of the modified stills with that of the conventional still. Three modified stills (S1, S2, and S3) and conventional still (S4) were fabricated, each with 0.5 m² of the basin area. S1 and S3 had transparent double glass walls with air in between acting as insulation, whereas S2 has a single transparent wall. S4 has insulated plywood walls painted black from inside. A mixture of coco peat and charcoal was used in S1, S2, and S3, whereas there was no basin material for S4. Experiments were conducted by changing the water quantity in the solar still ranging from 5 to 10 kg. Maximum distillate output of 5.46 l/m²-d was obtained for S2, whereas it was 3.80 l/m²-d for S4 for an average solar radiation intensity of 675 W/m² (24.3 MJ/m²-d). Use of transparent walls with troughs to collect condensate increased the condenser area by 78.4%. The distillate water cost per liter was estimated as Rs. 0.86 (0.013 US$) and Rs. 1.61 (0.025 US$) for S2 and S4, respectively. Energy payback time for S2 was estimated as 4 months. Theoretical and experimental values showed that there is a significant loss of incoming solar radiation due to wall shadow.     

沈阳空气质量对到达地面太阳辐射的影响分析

利用沈阳国家基本气象站1961~2017年气象观测数据和沈阳市2013~2017年逐日空气质量监测数据,研究了沈阳市太阳辐射与空气质量变化特征,及空气质量对到达地面太阳辐射的影响.结果表明：20世纪90年代之后沈阳市太阳总辐射“变亮”与日照增多、大气清洁度增加有关,与总云量、水汽压基本不存在线性相关关系.太阳辐射与空气质量的季节特征相反,太阳总辐射总体为春夏季和初秋强、深秋和冬季弱,而SO₂、NO₂、CO、PM₁₀、PM_2.5质量浓度以及AQI指数为春夏季和初秋低、深秋及冬季高.在气象因子差异不大的情况下,空气质量情况是影响太阳辐射偏强或偏弱的关键因素,SO₂、NO₂、CO、PM₁₀、PM_2.5质量浓度偏低是沈阳2017年太阳总辐射、直接辐射异常强的主要原因之一.晴天情况下,沈阳空气质量三级较二级情况下太阳总辐射平均衰减了10%,直接辐射平均衰减了18%.12月下旬的晴天严重污染日,空气污染可导致直接辐射减少67%,总辐射减少34%.PM_2.5的削光作用更为明显,PM_2.5为首要污染物的晴天平均太阳直接辐射衰减明显大于以SO₂和PM₁₀为首要污染物的情况,虽然PM_2.5为首要污染物时的日平均散射辐射大于PM₁₀为首要污染物的情况,但不足以补充其对直接辐射的衰减,进而导致总辐射衰减.     

多因素综合高原高寒气候环境模拟加速试验箱研制

目的研制一种多因素综合高原高寒气候环境模拟加速试验箱,主要用于高原地区使用的工艺、材料和零部件的快速筛选和环境适应性评价。方法通过高原气候特征分析、工艺验证和文献分析,进行设计、制造、试验谱设计和试验验证等工作。结果解决了光照和高低温低气压环境条件的同时施加问题,形成同时施加光照、气压、温度、湿度和风速五因素的高原高寒气候环境模拟加速试验箱。设计了一套高原高寒气候环境模拟加速试验谱,实现了高原高寒气候环境的多因素综合模拟和加速。结论试验箱各项技术指标达到设计要求。塑料样品的拉伸强度和冲击韧性性能、有机涂层的色差和光泽变化指标,与拉萨站试验结果进行对比,具有良好相关性和加速性。本试验箱可用于高原地区使用的工艺、材料和零部件的快速筛选和环境适应性快速评价。     

西藏地面太阳光谱观测

通过使用德国TriOS公司生产的RAMSES-ACC-UV/VIS光谱仪,在2016—2017年对西藏四个地区(拉萨、林芝、阿里和定日)进行了阶段性的太阳光谱(波长280—950 nm)实地观测。初步研究了西藏四个地区地面太阳光谱强度、光谱曲线特征以及光谱随时间的变化等,结果显示在本次观测期间,2017年7月21日(晴天)当地正午(北京时间13点58分)拉萨晴天光谱在476.6 nm波长处出现强度最高,峰值达到2.05 W?m~(-2)?nm~(-1)。同时对比了观测期间拉萨与定日、拉萨与林芝的当地正午晴天太阳光谱特征,对比结果表明:定日光谱强度高于拉萨,拉萨光谱强度高于林芝。定日光谱曲线平滑程度高于拉萨,拉萨光谱曲线平滑程度高于林芝,主要由水汽、氧气吸收造成。