Hydrogen, carbon and sulphur isotope ratios in peat: the role of diagenessis and water regimes in reconstruction of past climates

We demonstrate that carbon, hydrogen and sulphur isotope ratios both, in the total peat (¹³C_tp=–25.52 to –28.27, D_tp=–78.67 and –109.24, ³⁴S=4.35 to 19.87), and in cellulose from the peat (¹³C_nc=–25.06 to –27.33 and D_nc=–92.43 to –118.02) are not affected by postdepositional changes. Therefore, the original isotope composition of plants are in general preserved in the peat and represent an archive of the past environmental variations. These can be supported by (i) good correlations between ¹³C_tp and ¹³C_nc, and between D_tp and D_nc, (ii) high horizontal homogeneity of ¹³C_tp and ¹³C_nc in the scale of one peat-bog – the same major factor(s) control(s) C isotopic ratios, (iii) no correlation between organic sulphur concentrations and ³⁴S value –³⁴S results from variations in the water level.This revised version was published online January 2005 with corrections to the title.     

Nitrogen dynamics in the sediments of a wetland coastal ecosystem of southern India

The study area, Kuttanad Waters is a part of the Cochin estuarine system on the west coast of India. Kuttanad is well known for its agricultural activity and so the major contribution to the inorganic ions of nitrogen will be from fertilisers applied in agriculture. Based on observed salinity the stations have been divided into three zones. The fresh water zones had higher quantities of silt and clay whereas the estuarine zone was more sandy. The chemical speciation scheme applied here distinguishes three forms of ammoniacal nitrogen species: exchangeable, fixed, and organic ammoniacal nitrogen. No significant trends were observed in the seasonal distribution of total, exchangeable, fixed and organic nitrogen. A significant concentration of exchangeable ammonia was observed in the sediment due to their predominantly reducing environment, which restricts nitrification. High NH₄-N concentrations in the pore waters, along with the sedimentary composition leads to a significantly high quantity of fixed NH₄-N. The low values for N org is due to high mineralisation or deamination of organic nitrogen     

Changes in quality of groundwater with seasonal fluctuations： an example from Ghor Sail area, southern Dead Sea coastal aquifers, Jordan

The demand for water resources in the area south of the Dead Sea due to continued development, especially at the Arab Potash Company （APC） for production and domestic purposes necessitates that water quality in the area be monitored and evaluated based on the local geology and hydrogeology. The objective of this paper is to monitor seasonal fluctuations of groundwater and to determine how fluctuation in the water levels will affect the groundwater quality. Groundwater levels were found to be influenced by rainfall and pumping of water from the wells for domestic and industrial use. Twenty water samples were collected from different wells and analyzed for major chemical constituents both in pre- and post-seasons to determine the quality variation. Chemical constituents are significantly increased after post-season recharge. According to the overall assessment of the area, water quality was found to be useful for drinking, irrigation and industry.     

Changes in quality of groundwater with seasonal fluctuations: an example from Ghor Sari area, southern Dead Sea coastal aquifers, Jordan

The demand for water resources in the area south of the Dead Sea due to continued development, especially at the Arab Potash Company (APC) for production and domestic purposes necessitates that water quality in the area be monitored and evaluated based on     

基于2015～2018年实时监测数据对关中平原城市群PM2.5时空变化规律的研究

为了解关中平原城市群PM_2.5时空变化规律，利用2015～2018年国家空气质量检测平台发布的PM_2.5实时监测数据，并用地统计学和探索性空间数据分析等方法，对关中平原城市群PM_2.5污染的时空变化规律进行分析。结果表明，关中平原城市群PM_2.5污染总体呈向好趋势，PM_2.5年均超标城市由11个减少到8个，年均浓度超标率显著下降。PM_2.5污染主要出现在冬季，春秋季过渡，夏季PM_2.5浓度季度均值、月均值都最低，PM_2.5日均值曲线与月均值曲线大致趋势一致，呈单峰"脉冲型"变化；PM_2.5污染在空间上具有明显的分异性和集聚性特征，表现出"临汾-咸阳"为轴的高污染区面积逐渐缩小，而以平凉、天水为中心的低污染区面积逐渐扩大的空间变化规律。     

基于空间插值的西安市重空气污染期间主要污染物时空变化特征及相关性分析

西安市是我国承东启西、连接南北的战略性枢纽城市,但其长期受到重空气污染的影响.基于2018年11月24日-12月3日西安市及其周边7个地级市共38个环境质量监测站点的逐时数据,利用空间插值、趋势分析和相关性分析方法,研究了西安市一次重空气污染期间六大污染物（PM_2.5、PM₁₀、CO、NO₂、SO₂和O₃）的质量浓度时空变化及彼此间的相关关系.结果表明:①IDW（inverse distance weighting,反距加权插值法）和OKri（ordinary Kriging,普通克里格插值法）均能较好地获得西安市空气污染物的时空变化情况,但IDW的插值精度优于OKri,距离指数为7的IDW可以满足西安市空气污染物时空变化模拟的要求.②研究期间,西安市首要污染物为PM_2.5和PM₁₀,二者分别是中度-重度污染及严重-"爆表"污染天气的首要贡献因子.③ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（PM₁₀）、ρ（CO）、ρ（NO₂）和ρ（SO₂）均呈中部高、两边低,北部高、南部低的空间分布特点,而ρ（O₃）则相反;PM_2.5、PM₁₀、O₃污染程度日趋严重,NO₂污染程度逐渐缓解.④ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（NO₂）、ρ（CO）之间呈中等正相关,三者在时空变化上具有较高的一致性;ρ（SO₂）与ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（NO₂）、ρ（CO）均呈弱正相关;ρ（O₃）与ρ（NO₂）、ρ（CO）均呈弱负相关.受扬尘天气和特殊风向及地形共同影响,西安市PM₁₀出现"爆表"现象,导致ρ（PM₁₀）与其他污染物质量浓度之间的相关性不明显.研究显示,距离指数为7的IDW适合西安市空气污染情况时空变化的模拟,重污染天气条件下,西安市ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（NO₂）、ρ（CO）之间具有较高的同源性,但各污染物间时空变化和相关性关系较复杂.      

鄱阳湖区景观格局季相变化及其优化调控研究

论文以自然属性确定的鄱阳湖区为例,基于景观生态学理论和GIS空间分析技术,定量描述和分析了鄱阳湖区景观格局的季相变化特征。研究结果表明：鄱阳湖区整体景观格局季节变化明显,枯水期较丰水期景观更加破碎,形状更加复杂,聚集程度更低,异质性水平更高;类别水平上,以滩地景观变化最为显著。枯水期和丰水期生态连通性也有较明显差异,枯水期景观生态连通性更差,景观单元间的生态阻力更大,生态流运行更加困难。在此基础上,借助最小累积耗费阻力模型和GIS空间分析模块,识别和构建了不同季相鄱阳湖区的源地、廊道（三类）、节点等生态组分,形成了“斑块-廊道-基质”模式的生态功能网络;并通过对不同季相景观格局优化组分的对比分析,辨识了年内能够持续发挥重大生态效益的景观组分,构建了更为合理的景观格局优化调控方案,以期增强鄱阳湖区景观网络的连通性,保障生态流的畅通运行,加强湖区生态系统的稳定性和可持续性,为鄱阳湖区生态规划和管理提供借鉴和参考。     

2015—2016年中国城市臭氧浓度时空变化规律研究

为探究中国大陆城市O₃污染状况时空变化的总体特征,运用时空统计分析和GIS技术对2015—2016年全国开展O₃常规监测的336个城市进行分析,揭示近两年O₃浓度及不同等级污染天数的时空变化格局,并着重对比分析"三区十群"区域内外O₃浓度的变化差异.结果表明：2015—2016年期间,全国336个城市中,有258个城市2016年年均O₃浓度值较2015年升高,形成了新的O₃污染空间格局;京津冀及周边地区、长三角地区、中部的河南、武汉污染较重,东南沿海和西南地区的云南、西藏污染相对较轻;长三角地区和山东城市群是中国O₃核心污染区域,陕西、山西及安徽三省O₃浓度较2015年有大幅升高.O₃的空间分布与NO_x排放量、生成控制型等因素密切相关.已有的研究区域中除华北平原和四川盆地等地区的郊区点位以外,我国大多数地区的O₃生成控制型属于VOCs控制型.研究结果有利于从宏观上直接对比评估国家大气污染重点防控区内外O₃污染特征变化的差异,从而针对性地开展环境污染防控.     

2001—2017年中国北方省份气溶胶光学厚度的时空特征

利用2001年3月—2017年2月MODIS MOD08M3遥感反演气溶胶光学厚度产品数据,结合GIS统计分析方法和集合经验模态分解方法（EEMD）,对中国北方京津冀鲁豫晋陕7个省市的气溶胶光学厚度时空特征进行分析.结果表明：①从空间分布特征来看,人口密度与AOD空间分布有着直接的联系.一方面,地形因素主要通过影响人口分布来间接的影响AOD空间分布,另一方面地形因素还可以影响气溶胶的水平扩散,这使得AOD的空间变化梯度在平原和山脉交界处急剧增大,形成了AOD空间分布与地形高度契合的分布特征,因此地形因素是中国北方AOD空间分布重要的影响因素之一.②从时变特征来看,将EEMD应用于AOD时间序列变化研究,可以从频率域的角度提取不同尺度变化的规律和特征,AOD时间序列变化是由多个波动规律叠加在一起的最终结果,具体包括：年际间变化情况（IMF5）、季节性波动（IMF3）、时间间隔为12个月的人为事件波动（IMF2）、突发事件和情况（IMF1）.这些结果有助于研究AOD时空变化原因和北方地区的气候环境.     

雅鲁藏布江流域水化学时空变化及其控制因素

为研究雅鲁藏布江全流域水化学特征及其控制因素,2016年先后采集雅鲁藏布江干流及其支流丰、平、枯三个水期水样212个,综合运用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs模型和离子比等方法,分析了全流域河水的水文地球化学特征,并探讨了流域的水化学演化规律.结果表明,河水中阳离子均以Ca²⁺、Na⁺和Mg²⁺为主;阴离子以HCO₃^-和SO₄^2-为主;TDS平均值为204.51mg/L,矿化度较低;水化学类型以HCO₃·SO₄（SO₄·HCO₃）-Ca·Mg（Mg·Ca）型水为主;雅鲁藏布江主干河流内的主要离子含量变化存在波动且季节性变化显著.空间上,河水中绝大多数离子遵循着先增大后减少的趋势;水化学样品均分布在Gibbs模型左中部,说明该流域水化学离子组成受岩石风化作用控制;主成分分析及相关分析表明雅鲁藏布江流域水化学组分受人为影响作用控制,方解石、白云岩的风化及硫酸溶解也起到非常重要的作用.流域三个水期的重金属元素的含量绝大多数能满足地表水I类水体的要求.