海南五指山大气气态总汞含量变化特征

利用高时间分辨率自动测汞仪(Tekran 2537B)于2011-05~2012-05对五指山大气气态总汞(TGM)进行了连续1 a的观测.结果表明,五指山TGM含量为(1.58±0.71)ng·m-3,与全球大气汞背景值相当,表明五指山大气几乎没有受到明显的大气汞污染.TGM的月变化特征表现为2011年6~8月和2012年3~5月TGM含量较低,2011年9月~次年1月含量较高,热带季风是影响TGM月变化的主要因素.五指山TGM具有明显的日变化特征,小时均值最低值出现在09:00,峰值出现在19:00,白天TGM浓度低于晚上.日变化受汞长距离迁移和本地气象条件的共同影响.后向轨迹分析结果表明大气汞从中国大陆的长距离迁移为五指山TGM浓度升高的主要原因.     

承德市PM2.5中碳质组分的季节分布特征及来源解析

为研究承德市PM_2.5中碳质组分的季节变化及污染来源,于2019年1、4、7和10月采集大气PM_2.5样品,测定碳质组分浓度.通过有机碳（OC）与元素碳（EC）比值、总碳质气溶胶（TCA）及二次有机碳（SOC）的估算,分析碳质组分的变化特征;结合后向轨迹和主成分分析（PCA）方法,分析污染来源.结果表明,采样期间PM_2.5、OC和EC的平均质量浓度分别为（31.26±21.39）、（13.27±8.68）和（2.80±1.95）μg ·m^-3.PM_2.5的季节变化趋势为：冬季[（47.68±30.37）μg ·m^-3]>秋季[（28.72±17.12）μg ·m^-3]>春季[（26.59±15.32）μg ·m^-3]>夏季[（23.17±8.38）μg ·m^-3],与总碳（TC）、OC和EC季节变化趋势一致,冬季（R²=0.85）的OC与EC来源较一致;OC/EC值得出4个季节均受到交通和燃煤源排放的影响,且冬季受烟煤排放影响显著.TCA的平均浓度为（21.38±13.68）μg ·m^-3,占PM_2.5比例达68.39%,二次转化率（SOC/OC）为：春季（54.09%）>秋季（37.64%）>夏季（32.91%）>冬季（25.43%）.后向轨迹模拟结果表明,春季和夏季气团携带的污染物浓度相对较低,秋季污染物的传输通道为西南方向,冬季为西北方向,主成分分析（PCA）表明,承德市PM_2.5削减的关键是控制机动车尾气、燃煤和生物质燃烧源的排放.     

山东省不同地形区降雨侵蚀力时空变化特征

掌握降水及降雨侵蚀力的时空分布和演变特征对于揭示区域气候变化规律,有效预防和科学评估水土流失等环境问题具有重要意义。基于34个气象站点1961—2015年的降水日值数据,采用降雨侵蚀力计算模型、Mann-Kendall检验、小波分析和Kriging空间插值等研究方法,分析研究了山东省内山地、丘陵和平原等不同地形区的降水和降雨侵蚀力时空变化特征。结果显示：近55年间,全省及各地形区的降水量和降雨侵蚀力均呈波动下降趋势,年内分配均集中在夏季,降雨侵蚀力在时间尺度上存在25年左右的变化周期。空间上,降水和降雨侵蚀力均呈现鲁中南山区＞胶东半岛丘陵区＞鲁西北平原区;分界线由东北至西南沿福山—莱阳—淄博—定陶等站呈“S”型贯穿山东省,界线东南侧降雨侵蚀力高,西北侧降雨侵蚀力较低。其原因主要是受海拔和地形的影响,东南季风携带湿润气流受胶东半岛丘陵及鲁中南山地的阻挡抬升,致使“S”型分界线东南侧迎风面降水及降雨强度相对较高;西北侧背风面形成焚风效应,降水及降雨侵蚀强度较低。该结果可为山东省水土流失空间特征分析奠定数据基础,同时为区域水土资源利用与调控及生态环境保护与改善提供决策支撑。     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Comparison of temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Ozone Pollution at Ground Level in the Eastern China

Monitoring data from ozone（O3） automatic stations in three typical cities with different climatic areas in the southern and northern parts of eastern China are used to analyze temporal and spatial characteristics of ozone pollution at ground level. The results show that ozone pollution level has distinct regional differences and the concentration in the suburbs is higher than that in the urban areas. The seasonal variation of ozone concentration in different climatic areas is greatly affected by the variation of precipitation. Ozone concentration in Shenyang and Beijing , in the temperate zone, has one perennial peak concentration, occurring in early summer, May or June. Ozone concentration in Guangzhou, in sub-tropical zone, has two peak values year round. The highest values occur in October and the secondary high value in June. The ozone season in the south is longer than that in the north. The annual average daily peak value of ozone concentrations in different climates usually occur around 3 pm. The diurnal variation range of ozone concentration declines with the increase of latitude. Ozone concentration does not elevate with the increase of traffic flow. Ozone concentration in Guangzhou has a distinct reverse relation to CO and NOx. This complicated non-linearity indicates that the equilibrium of ozone photochemical reaction has regional differences. Exceeding the rate of Beijing＇s lh ozone concentration is higher than that of Guangzhou, whereas the average 8h ozone level is lower than that of Guangzhou, indicating that areas in low latitude are more easily affected by moderate ozone concentrations and longer exposure. Thus, China should work out standards for 8h ozone concentration.     

A case study of spatial variation and enrichment of selected elements in ambient particulate matter around a large coal-fired power station in Central India

The dominant use of coal in power sectors has been associated with adverse environmental impacts. Ambient air monitoring for the two size fractions of particulate matter, respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) and non-respirable suspended particulate matter (NRSPM) in the downwind and upwind directions of a large coal-fired power station in central India, was carried out. Collected samples of ambient particulate matter were analysed atomic absorption spectrophotometrically for 15 elements. Spatial variability in elemental composition of RSPM and NRSPM and the degree of enrichment of these toxic metals in RSPM were investigated. A significant spatial variability for the elements in RSPM and NRSPM and higher degrees of enrichment of the elements were observed.     

Variation in certain characters and properties of scotch pine needles in geographic cultures

Morphophysiological and anatomical characters of needles that are used for characterizing infraspecific taxa have been studied in Scotch pine geographic cultures established in the forest-steppe zone of Siberia. Variation in these characters has been revealed, which reflects the polymorphic structure of the species and the effect of natural selection on the composition of populations in new natural-cimatic conditions.     

丹江口水库水质要素变化特征及其相互关系

采用丹江口水库 1987～ 1996年间的水环境常规监测资料 ,应用因子分析方法探讨了丹江口水库不同区域水环境要素变化特征及其相互关系 ,分析表明 :丹江口水库目前水质良好 ,大多数情况下能满足地面水一类水质标准要求 :库区不同断面水体水质要素及污染因子间的相互关系可以用 6个主导因子表达。同一主导因子不同断面标识因子的差异反映了库区不同区域水质分布差异及产生这种差异的环境过程 ;影响库区水质的主要因素是上游随降水产生的面源污染、库周点源排放、水体自净以及气候因素 ,不同断面水质影响因素及其程度存在差异。     

Seasonal variations of Rn concentrations in the air of a tunnel located in Nagano city

The seasonal variation of 222Rn concentrations in the air of tunnels constructed during World War II at Nagano City has been investigated. The determination of 222Rn concentrations in tunnel air was performed using a solid-state nuclear track detector technique. The monthly radon concentrations changed smoothly, decreasing towards winter and increasing towards summer, and it was found that the concentrations strongly correlate with the temperature difference between the inside and the outside of the tunnel. In the innermost areas of the tunnel, the maximum concentration was observed in July, its value being about 6500 Bq m (-3). The concentrations of radon in the tunnel air decrease exponentially towards the openings of the tunnel, which indicates that the radon concentration in the tunnel is basically governed by diffusion and mixing of radon gas with air. These observations lead to the conclusion that the seasonal variation of the radon concentration in the tunnel air is mainly caused by a convection current due to a stack effect induced by the temperature difference between the tunnel air and the outside air.