Effects of soiling and cleaning on the reflectance and solar heat gain of a light-colored roofing membrane

A roof with high solar reflectance and high thermal emittance (e.g., a white roof) stays cool in the sun, reducing cooling power demand in a conditioned building and increasing summertime comfort in an unconditioned building. The high initial solar reflectance of a white membrane roof (circa 0.8) can be lowered by deposition of soot, dust, and/or biomass (e.g., fungi or algae) to about 0.6; degraded solar reflectances range from 0.3 to 0.8, depending on exposure. We investigate the effects of soiling and cleaning on the solar spectral reflectances and solar absorptances of 15 initially white or light-gray polyvinyl chloride membrane samples taken from roofs across the United States. Black carbon and organic carbon were the two identifiable strongly absorbing contaminants on the membranes. Wiping was effective at removing black carbon, and less so at removing organic carbon. Rinsing and/or washing removed nearly all of the remaining soil layer, with the exception of (a) thin layers of organic carbon and (b) isolated dark spots of biomass. Bleach was required to clear these last two features. At the most soiled location on each membrane, the ratio of solar reflectance to unsoiled solar reflectance (a measure of cleanliness) ranged from 0.41 to 0.89 for the soiled samples; 0.53 to 0.95 for the wiped samples; 0.74 to 0.98 for the rinsed samples; 0.79 to 1.00 for the washed samples; and 0.94 to 1.02 for the bleached samples. However, the influences of membrane soiling and cleaning on roof heat gain are better gauged by fractional variations in solar absorptance. Solar absorptance ratios (indicating solar heat gain relative to that of an unsoiled membrane) ranged from 1.4 to 3.5 for the soiled samples; 1.1 to 3.1 for the wiped samples; 1.0 to 2.0 for the rinsed samples; 1.0 to 1.9 for the washed samples; and 0.9 to 1.3 for the bleached samples.     

MnO2.CuO／Al2O3催化剂上CO的常温催化氧化研究

本文研究了CO常温氧化的催化剂——MnO_2·CuO/Al_2O_3。考察了活性组分MnO_2,CuO的相对百分含量,浸渍溶液的酸度、焙烧温度、反应温度等因素对催化剂活性的影响。发现催化剂的活性与其差热分析的脱水峰及分解反应(MnO_2→Mn_2O_3)的峰温存在一定的对应关系。     

SeaWiFS资料水色辐射模式验证的研究

从１９９４ 年～１９９７ 年，作者对杭州湾与长江口海区、台湾至吕宋以东海区和渤海海区，进行了多次光谱测量和同步取样试验，将试验所得资料经计算机处理，确定了三种验证区域各种水色要素与遥感光谱值之间的关系，提出适用于我国验证区域各种水色的验证模式。其各水色模式验证偏差均小于２０％ ，并适用于我国海域ＳｅａＷｉＦＳ水色遥感应用。     

Driver speed selection on high-speed two-lane highways: Comparing speed profiles between uniform and differential speed limits

Objective: Although a considerable amount of prior research has investigated the impacts of speed limits on traffic safety and operations, much of this research, and nearly all of the research related to differential speed limits, has been specific to limited access freeways. The unique safety and operational issues on highways without access control create difficulty relating the conclusions from prior freeway-related speed limit research to 2-lane highways, particularly research on differential limits due to passing limitations and subsequent queuing. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess differences in driver speed selection with respect to the posted speed limit on rural 2-lane highways, with a particular emphasis on the differences between uniform and differential speed limits.

Methods: Data were collected from nearly 59,000 vehicles across 320 sites in Montana and 4 neighboring states. Differences in mean speeds, 85th percentile speeds, and the standard deviation in speeds for free-flowing vehicles were examined across these sites using ordinary least squares regression models.

Results: Ultimately, the results of the analysis show that the mean speed, 85th percentile speed, and variability in travel speeds for free-flowing vehicles on 2-lane highways are generally lower at locations with uniform 65 mph speed limits, compared to locations with differential limits of 70 mph for cars and 60 mph for trucks.

Conclusions: In addition to posted speed limits, several site characteristics were shown to influence speed selection including shoulder widths, frequency of horizontal curves, percentage of the segment that included no passing zones, and hourly volumes. Differences in vehicle speed characteristics were also observed between states, indicating that speed selection may also be influenced by local factors, such as driver population or enforcement.     

2000 — 2018年哈尔里克山冰川高程遥感变化分析

冰川高程变化是冰川形态变化的重要特征之一,能为推算冰川体积变化及物质平衡提供基本参数。利用Sentinel-1A雷达数据,与SRTM数据进行差分干涉,得到2000—2018年哈尔里克山冰川高程变化结果。为进一步提高监测结果的可靠性,以裸地区域的高程变化量作为系统误差修正值,对冰川高程变化结果进行第一次优化。由于差分干涉结果受地形影响较大,为降低地形因素对高程变化的影响,分析地形因子与高程变化标准差之间的关系,去除标准差过大的冰川区域,提高冰川高程变化可靠性,对冰川高程变化结果进行第二次优化,并在此基础上进行精度评定。结果表明：过去18年来,哈尔里克山冰川高程平均下降(8.74±0.14) m;分析冰川高程变化的空间差异性,发现西北部冰川高程减少程度较东南部小;分析冰川高程变化与海拔的关系,发现总体上冰川高程下降程度随海拔升高而减小。     

嘉兴夏季臭氧污染的近地层垂直变化特征

基于2018年浙江省嘉兴市14个环境国控站点的O₃历史资料与气象要素,研究O₃与气象要素的关系,并结合差分吸收臭氧雷达的垂直臭氧探测资料,分析近地层O₃廓线变化特征.结果表明,嘉兴地区发生高浓度O₃污染的关键气象要素为24~36℃的大气温度和36%~77%的相对湿度,24℃以上的大气温度与77%以下的相对湿度可作为启动预警O₃污染的气象指标.差分吸收臭氧雷达监测结果显示,无论O₃超标天与清洁天,在垂直方向上其浓度随高度先升后降,在600~800m范围出现峰值;O₃污染时段,在中午到午后低空形成持续向下的O₃输送带,这种低空O₃与地表O₃的叠加机制加重地表O₃污染程度,导致地表O₃超标与低空高浓度相伴出现;其廓线日变化规律表现出800m以下浓度在夜间和凌晨梯度不显著,日出后近地层O₃随时间快速增加,中午和午后持续高值,傍晚随时间逐渐下降的特征.后向轨迹分析表明,10,500,1000m高度层的气流后向轨迹聚类有相似性,500m处沿闽浙海岸线的轨迹簇对应O₃较10m处来自海上的轨迹簇高,这与500m处前体物输送堆积和紫外线辐射增强有关.污染过程近地层气流来向紧贴地面,但中高层有明显下沉气流使得O₃前体物在500m附近堆积,是造成2个典型污染过程中垂直方向上O₃高值出现在500m左右的原因之一.     

大气红外辐射超高光谱探测仪临边探测—污染气体的反演精度和光谱通道评估

利用RFM模式,模拟计算了在研仪器—大气红外辐射超高光谱探测仪的临边探测模式下大气污染气体体积混合比的权重函数.结合仪器的可探测亮温阈值（0.3 K）,利用权重函数线性化方法,计算并分析了6种大气状态下,气体混合比廓线在不同反演精度条件下可获得的光谱通道数随切点高度的变化,并给出了可用光谱通道在不同切点高度的位置.结果表明,随着相对反演精度的降低,可用光谱通道数量增加,除热带大气外,其它5种大气在10%臭氧反演精度和5%甲烷反演精度条件下有足够的通道,可用于反演4.6 km以上的混合比廓线.CO在15%反演精度条件下,6种大气均能获得反演6.9 km以上廓线的光谱通道.近地面切点高度反演比较困难,很难获得较高的反演精度.可用光谱通道位置与气体吸收线位置特别是峰值区域一致,也与气体模拟亮温高值区一致.     

基于细菌毒性测试与小鼠肺基因转录分析的PM2.5健康效应

尽管大量流行病学和毒理学研究表明,PM_(2.5)暴露会导致一系列肺部疾病,但是其毒性机制尚不明确.本研究选取不同浓度梯度PM_(2.5)颗粒物样品进行细菌毒性评价,结果显示颗粒物的发光细菌急性毒性、遗传毒性分别为低毒和阴性.此外,采用气管灌注方法模拟小鼠呼吸暴露,研究了肺脏病理改变及差异基因表达.肺脏病理切片分析显示,PM_(2.5)暴露造成肺组织不同程度炎症反应和纤维化损伤,并呈现浓度越高、损伤程度越明显的现象.通路分析发现PM_(2.5)暴露影响到核糖体蛋白功能、脂肪酸与胆固醇代谢功能的正常表达,提示肺部炎症反应源于基因损害,其造成的损害后果可能是不可逆的.GO聚类分析发现免疫功能发生聚类富集,相关基因功能异常表达可能是造成肺部炎症的具体路径.这些发现有助于了解PM_(2.5)暴露危害路径和机制.     

太湖有色可溶性有机物组成结构对不同水文情景的响应

有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)是溶解性有机物中能强烈吸收紫外辐射及蓝光的那部分有机物,并在碳、氮、磷等生源要素生物地球化学循环中起着重要的作用.开展富营养化湖泊CDOM来源、组成结构和空间变化趋势的相关研究,有利于更好地揭示湖泊生源要素循环机制,服务于蓝藻水华控制和湖泊水质改善.本文基于对不同水文情景下太湖和周边连通的51条河流CDOM光谱吸收及三维荧光光谱测定与分析,揭示太湖CDOM光谱组成对不同水文情景的响应机制.结果表明,丰水期溶解有机碳浓度均值(8. 11±1. 26) mg·L~(-1),显著大于枯水期均值(3. 53±1. 19) mg·L~(-1)(t-test,P 0. 01),而丰水期CDOM吸收光谱斜率S_(275～295)均值(19. 09±1. 81)μm~(-1),显著小于枯水期的(20. 89±1. 90)μm~(-1)(t-test,P 0. 001).平行因子分析法对CDOM荧光图谱进行解析得到3个组分,且各组分受到上游来水量的影响较大,丰水期陆源类腐殖酸的荧光强度及占总荧光强度比重较枯水期显著增大.叶绿素a与化学需氧量与陆源腐殖质和类色氨酸均呈显著正相关(P 0. 01),这表明陆源生活污水及藻死亡降解产生的CDOM可能是太湖CDOM库的重要潜在来源.溶解氧浓度与3种荧光组成均呈现显著负相关(P 0. 01),说明CDOM不同组分均为微生物活动的重要基质.本研究结果还发现溶解性有机碳浓度与陆源类腐殖酸组分荧光强度呈极显著线性正相关(r~2=0. 58,P 0. 001),表明太湖溶解性有机碳主要以外源输入为主.     

土壤冻融对溶解性有机质与菲结合的影响

以沈阳市公园土壤和道路边土壤中的溶解性有机质(DOM)为研究对象,利用荧光淬灭法测定DOM与菲的结合常数(K),考察了冷冻温度、融化温度、冷冻时间和冻融次数对其光谱学特性及其与菲的结合常数(K)的影响,并结合相关性矩阵分析K与其他参数的关系.结果表明:冻融处理条件下,K值与溶解性有机碳含量(DOC)显著负相关(p0.01),与254 nm处的紫外吸光系数(a_(254))和单位浓度DOC的254 nm的紫外吸光值(SUVA)显著正相关(p0.01).城市公园土壤DOM和城市道路边土壤DOM的K值都是3.5×10~4L·kg~(-1),经过冷冻温度、冷冻时间和冻融次数相同的冻融处理后,城市公园土壤DOM的K值始终高于城市道路边土壤DOM,这是由于冻融导致城市土壤DOM的芳香性高于城市道路边土壤DOM,而分子量小于城市道路边土壤DOM.经过冻融作用二者的K值变化范围分别为1.6×10~5～8.4×10~5L·kg~(-1)和1.5×10~5～3.7×10~5L·kg~(-1),冻融作用使二者的K值都增大一个数量级.这一方面会增强固相土壤中多环芳烃的溶出和迁移,另一方面也会降低多环芳烃的生物可利用性.