蚯蚓和堆肥固定化添加模式对漆酶降解土壤五氯酚的影响

利用土壤五氯酚（PCP）污染模拟实验,研究两种不同生态型蚯蚓（赤子爱胜蚓Eisenia foetida和壮尾环毛蚓Amynthas robustus E.Perrie）和堆肥固定化添加模式对漆酶降解土壤PCP的影响。在42 d培养期内,测试了不同处理下PCP质量分数、漆酶活性,以及土壤呼吸和微生物碳氮等微生物指标。结果表明：堆肥固定化漆酶降解土壤PCP的效果优于壳聚糖固定化漆酶和自由漆酶,主要原因是堆肥固定化漆酶能够有效地提高漆酶稳定性,减缓其活性下降速度。此外,堆肥还能提高土壤微生物的数量与活性,显著提升土壤漆酶的活性。添加两种生态型蚯蚓对漆酶活性影响不显著,但均可以显著提高土壤微生物的数量与活性,加速土壤中PCP的降解。壮尾环毛蚓对土壤微生物数量与活性的提升效果优于赤子爱胜蚓。     

木耳菌糠生物炭对阳离子染料的吸附性能研究

为了有效处理印染废水,以废弃木耳菌糠（AG）为原料,采用限氧热解法在350、550、750℃的温度下制备木耳菌糠生物炭（AGBC）,处理含有孔雀石绿（MG）、番红花红T （ST）的有色废水.考察了不同初始pH值、吸附时间、初始浓度对AGBC吸附MG、ST的影响,讨论了吸附动力学及等温吸附特性.并利用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）等技术对吸附前后的菌糠生物炭进行表征,探究吸附机理.结果表明：随着热解温度的升高,吸附剂表面的含氧官能团数量逐渐减少,而比表面积和芳香化程度逐渐增加.MG的平衡吸附量随溶液pH值的升高而增大,而ST的平衡吸附量呈现相反趋势.AGBC对MG、ST的吸附分别在8h和4h基本达到平衡.AGBC对MG的吸附过程符合准一级动力学模型与Freundlich模型,说明吸附过程以物理吸附为主;对ST的吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型与Freundlich模型,说明吸附过程以化学吸附为主.与AG350和AG550相比,AG750对MG和ST的吸附量更高,经Langmuir模型拟合,其对MG和ST的最大吸附量分别为10249.79mg/g、3353.49mg/g.吸附机理表明,AGBC对MG的吸附主要为静电引力和π-π共轭作用,对ST的吸附主要为氢键作用、π-π共轭作用以及静电引力.说明AGBC对阳离子染料具有一定的吸附潜力,是一种经济高效的吸附材料.     

Effect of environmental parameters on the degradability of polymer films in laboratory-scale composting reactors

Previous research in our laboratory reported a convenient laboratory-scale composting test method to study the weight loss of polymer films in aerobic thermophilic (53°C) reactors maintained at a 60% moisture content. The laboratory-scale compost reactors contained the following synthetic compost mixture (percentage on dry-weight basis): tree leaves (45.0), shredded paper (16.5), food (6.7), meat (5.8), cow manure (17.5), sawdust (1.9), aluminum and steel shavings (2.4), glass beads (1.3), urea (1.9), and a compost seed (1.0) which is designated Mix-1 in this work. To simplify the laboratory-scale compost weight loss test method and better understand how compost mixture compositions and environmental parameters affect the rate of plastic degradation, a systematic variation of the synthetic mixture composition as well as the moisture content was carried out. Cellulose acetate (CA) with a degree of substitution (DS) value of 1.7 and cellophane films were chosen as test polymer substrates for this work. The extent of CA DS-1.7 and cellophane weight loss as a function of the exposure time remained unchanged when the metal and glass components of the mixture were excluded in Mix-2. Further study showed that large variations in the mixture composition such as the replacement of tree leaves, food, meat, and sawdust with steam-exploded wood and alfalfa (forming Mix-C) could be made with little or no change in the time dependence of CA DS-1.7 film weight loss. In contrast, substituting tree leaves, food, meat, cow manure, and sawdust with steam-exploded wood in combination with either Rabbit Choice (Mix-D) or starch and urea (Mix-E) resulted in a significant time increase (from 7 to 12 days) for the complete disappearance of CA DS-1.7 films. Interestingly, in this work no direct correlation was observed between the C/N ratio (which ranged from 13.9 to 61.4) and the CA DS-1.7 film weight loss. Decreasing moisture contents of the compost Mix-2 from 60 and 50 and 40% resulted in dramatic changes in polymer degradation such that CA DS-1.7 showed an increase in the time period for a complete disappearance of polymer films from 6 to 16 and 30 days, respectively.Guest Editor: Dr. Graham Swift, Rohm & Haas.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Second National Meeting, August 19–21, 1993, Chicago, Illinois.     

Application of processed organic municipal solid waste on agricultural land – a scenario analysis

Source separation, composting and anaerobic digestion, with associated land application, are increasingly being considered as alternative waste management strategies to landfilling and incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW). Environmental life cycle assessments are a useful tool in political decision-making about waste management strategies. However, due to the diversity of processed organic MSW and the situations in which it can be applied, the environmental impacts of land application are very hard to determine by experimental means. In the current study, we used the agroecosystem model Daisy to simulate a range of different scenarios representing different geographical areas, farm and soil types under Danish conditions and legislation. Generally, the application of processed organic MSW resulted in increased emissions compared with the corresponding standard scenarios, but with large differences between scenarios. Emission coefficients for nitrogen leaching to the groundwater ranged from 0.03 to 0.87, while those for nitrogen lost to surface waters through tile drains ranged from 0 to 0.30. Emission coefficients for N₂O formation ranged from 0.013 to 0.022 and for ammonia volatilization from 0.016 to 0.11. These estimates are within reasonable range of observed values under similar conditions. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis showed that the estimates were not very sensitive to the mineralization dynamics of the processed organic MSW. The results show that agroecosystem models can be powerful tools to estimate the environmental impacts of land application of processed MSW under different conditions. Despite this, agroecosystem models have only been used to a very limited degree for this purpose.     

废SCR催化剂中钒和钨的有机酸浸出

在对废SCR催化剂组成进行分析的基础上,采用草酸和酒石酸两种有机酸浸取废SCR催化剂中的V和W。实验结果表明：草酸对V、W的浸出率均大于酒石酸;在草酸浓度为1.00 mol/L、浸取温度为80 ℃、液固比为10 mL/g、浸取时间为180 min时,V和W的浸出率分别为63.50%和13.12%;在酒石酸浓度为0.5 mol/L、浸取温度为100 ℃、液固比为10 mL/g、浸取时间为180 min时,V和W的浸出率分别为44.00%和9.00%。酸性浸出未改变SCR催化剂中TiO₂的晶型,剩余残渣中依然保留着TiO₂骨架,可继续作为催化剂载体使用。     

城市污泥堆肥中水溶性有机物的理化特性变化

通过透析和XAD-8树脂等方法研究了城市污泥堆肥过程中水溶性有机物(DOM)的理化特性变化.结果表明,随着堆肥的进行,堆肥DOM的浓度和pH值分别降低了58.4%和9.5%;DOM中小分子组分和亲水性组分分别减少了13.1%和9.2%,而大分子组分与疏水性组分有所增加,疏水性组分/亲水性组分由0.89增至1.29;DOM中C、H、N、S含量和C/H、C/N、C/S、C/(N+S)均呈降低趋势.这些变化趋势与堆肥过程中有机物的变化规律一致,因此,堆肥DOM的理化特性能用以表征堆肥的腐熟度.     

腐殖质对堆肥中高效降解菌的吸附与传输影响

以铜绿假单胞菌和枯草芽孢杆菌为对象,通过序批实验和柱淋洗实验考察了堆肥介质中的腐殖质含量对细菌的吸附、传输性能的影响.结果表明,随着堆肥介质中腐殖质含量从0.21mg/g增至4.38mg/g,两种细菌在堆肥颗粒中的吸附系数均呈现降低趋势,降幅分别为24.9%和22.7%;2种细菌的穿透率均明显提高,最大穿透率铜绿假单胞菌从0.141提高到0.234,枯草芽孢杆菌从0.254提高到0.348.说明,堆肥介质中腐殖质的存在能够减弱两种高效细菌的吸附性能,促进其在堆肥介质中的传输分散,且腐殖质含量越高,效果越好.     

废镉镍电池中镉优先浸出工艺

通过CdO、NiO酸浸反应的热力学和动力学研究 ,得知CdO、NiO二者的浸出条件有较大差异 ,实验确定了废镉镍电池中镉优先浸出的工艺条件 :5 0℃、pH =2的硫酸溶液中浸 5 0min ,在此工艺条件下 ,镉能 10 0 %浸出 ,而镍的浸出率只有 2 5 %。     

A novel biosorbent: characterization of the spent mushroom compost and its application for removal of heavy metals

The spent mushroom compost of Lentinus edodes was used as a biosorbent for adsorbing cadmium, lead and chromium from solutions under batch conditions for the first time. Titration of the biomass revealed that it contained at least three types of functional groups. The Fourier transform infrared spectrometry showed that the carboxyl, phosphoryl, phenolic groups were the main groups. The simulated values of pK, and molar quantity were 5.00 and 0.44 mmol/g, 7.32 and 1.38 mmol/g, 10.45 and 1.44 mmol/g, respectively. The biosorption ability increased with pH in acid condition. When 10 mg/L biomass dosage was added in, there was no significant increment of metal uptake. The maximum uptake estimated with the Langmiur isotherm model were 833.33 mg/g for Cd（ Ⅱ ）, 1000.00 mg/g for Pb（ Ⅱ ） and 44.44 mg/g for Cr（ Ⅲ ）, respectively. All the results showed that vast potential sorption capacity was existed in the biomass for adsorbing these three kinds of metals studied.     

土霉素降解菌TJ-1在猪粪无害化处理中的作用

利用普通理化分析结合Biolog微平板技术研究了土霉素高效降解菌Staphylococcus sp.TJ-1在新鲜猪粪无害化处理中的作用.结果表明,土霉素高效降解菌的接种能显著提高猪粪中土霉素的降解效率(p＜0.05),21d堆肥结束时可将土霉素降解率从62.7％提升至82.0％.堆肥结束后,不接种降解菌的普通堆肥工艺和接种降解菌的高效堆肥工艺中NH+4-N含量分别为189.34、42.36 mg·kg-1,NO-3-N含量分别为439.38、238.06 mg·kg-1.Biolog结果显示,土霉素降解菌TJ-1对土霉素中碳源的代谢有利于堆体中氨基酸类及芳香族化合物等氮源的降解,缓解了堆体中有毒有害物质对其他微生物的损伤,保证了微生物群落的多样性和活性,对维护堆体生态系统的稳定性具有良好作用.因此,接种高效降解菌进行堆肥是一种良好的消除抗生素残留的猪粪无害化工艺.