The Relationship Between Shift Work Schedules and Spillover in a Sample of Nurses

The aim of the present study was to estimate spillover effects between the work and the family sphere in a sample of nurses (N = 2058). Hierarchical regression analyses investigated whether shift work schedules were associated with negative or positive spillover, both from family to work and vice versa, controlling for demographic factors, job demands and decision latitude. With daytime work as a reference group, all types of shift work (day and evening shift, night shift only and rotating 3 shift) were associated with higher negative work-to-family spillover. Night work was associated with significantly less negative family-to-work spillover. None of the different shift work schedules were related to any type of positive spillover. The results indicate that working outside of daytime hours is less compatible with workers’ family lives, compared to working ordinary day shifts. On the other hand, working night shifts only was associated with reduced negative family-to-work spillover.     

柴油环卫车电动化替代环境效益分析及可行性评估

以环卫车为研究对象,通过使用阶段柴油环卫车和电动环卫车污染排放强度对比,分析电动化替代所产生的环境效益。应用模糊数学模型方法从技术、经济、配套设施、污染减排效益方面,综合评估环卫车电动化替代可行性。结果表明:电动环卫车较柴油环卫车具有显著的减排效果,主要大气污染物排放可减少95.5%。影响柴油环卫车电动化替代的关键因素在电池动力性能、续航能力、经济成本和配套设施充电时长等方面。模糊数学模型的评估结果表明,50%柴油环卫车进行电动化替代是最佳方案,能较好地平衡经济性和大气环境保护的公共利益。未来提高电动化替代比例,还需依靠科技创新改进电动环卫车电池技术和动力等性能,降低购置成本,加强充电桩等配套基础设施的完善。     

The costs and benefits of reforestation in Liping County, Guizhou Province, China

Reducing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is becoming a pressing issue for the global community. Afforestation and reforestation are promoted worldwide as an effective means of sequestering carbon. For its national interest and global concerns, China has made great efforts to protect its existing forests and develop programs of afforestation and reforestation. Based on two surveys recently conducted in Liping County, Guizhou province, this paper investigates the economic changes associated with the implementation of the "Grain For Green" policy. Based on the analytical framework of benefit cost analysis, this paper concludes that the implementation of the reforestation of sloping agricultural land policy would not be possible if there were no government subsidies for the peasants. The short term economic returns of land and labour from forestation are substantially lower than those generated from grain or cash crop production on the steep slope lands. The government subsidies provide great economic incentives for peasants to take part in the project. The subsidies in fact have elevated peasant income in rural Liping. The estimated potential economic returns of plantations over the long run indicate that the removal of the government financial subsidies would not create an economic crisis for the peasants if the current market conditions continue.     

生物-生态联合污水处理系统

传统的污水处理采用生物处理方法的居多,其中以二级活性污泥法为主。而生态处理系统有其固有的优势,如低费用、低能耗、运行管理维护简单。两者在一定方式下相结合处理污水,会实现技术、经济和环境效益三丰收。国内外的应用实例可以对其进行进一步说明。     

Agricultural Biotechnology and the Future Benefits Argument

In the face of criticisms about the current generationof agricultural biotechnology products, some proponents ofagricultural biotechnology offer a ``future benefitsargument'(FBA), which is a utilitarian ethical argument thatattempts to justify continued R&D. This paper analyzes severallogical implications of the FBA. Among these are that acceptanceof the FBA implies (1) acceptance of a precautionary approach torisk, (2) the need for a more proportional and equitabledistribution of the benefits of agricultural biotechnology, andmost important, (3) the need to reorient and restructurebiotechnology R&D institutions (and the agriculturalbiotechnology community's values and attitudes) so that futurebenefits are indeed achieved through agricultural biotechnology.     

西秦岭山地农村生活能源建设与退耕还林的生态经济效益评价

在西秦岭山地使用太阳灶和沼气。生态经济效益显著。1户1台1．5m^2太阳灶、1个80沼气池每年所得刭的热量等于773k标准煤。折合1353kg薪材。净收益为268元。一年内所替代的薪柴等于0．338hm^2有林地一年的生长量，可使0．042275m^2有林地免遭砍伐。农户从退耕还林中得到的收益为平均每年465元。与种植粮食比较，这些收益主要是不再种粮后所节省的生产成本。退耕还林以扩大林木增量为目标，应作为中长期的战略。稳步实施。使用太阳灶和沼气以保护林木存量为目标。是巩固退耕还林成效的有力措施和生态建设的必要手段。应加大投入和建设力度。     

减少环境灾害高效开发油页岩的集成技术分析

能源是经济发展的动力,面对世界能源资源的日益短缺以及国际石油价格猛涨的局势,开发利用新能源已迫在眉睫。介绍了油页岩的特性和用途及其开发前景;提出了油页岩综合利用的“集成技术”,阐述了该技术的重要思想,详细分析了其经济效益,为油页岩的高效开发利用提供参考。     

共享骑行减污降碳效益研究

共享骑行作为一种新兴的绿色出行方式，凭其便捷、经济、共享的特点，已发展成为一种重要的城市出行交通方式。共享骑行作为一种绿色交通出行方式，可替代能源消耗型交通出行方式，具有明显的减污降碳环境效益。然而，目前关于共享骑行环境效益的定量研究，主要集中在“降碳”方面；对于“减污”的研究较少，尚未见公开发布的核算方法学。本文对共享骑行的“降碳”效益方法学进行了梳理并定量核算了“降碳”效益；对于“减污”效益，采用“降碳”核算方法学的思路进行了定量核算的方法探索。在此基础上，结合某大型共享骑行公司的用户骑行数据，对共享骑行“减污降碳”的环境效益按照有地铁城市和无地铁城市进行了分别核算。结果表明：①共享骑行具有显著的“减污”和“降碳”协同环境效益；②共享骑行“减污降碳”环境效益在无地铁城市比有地铁城市更为突出；③共享电单车比共享人力单车具有更高的环境效益。最后，本文对所采用的核算方法的局限性进行了分析，并提出了共享骑行环境效益核算未来的研究探索方向，包括共享骑行激励政策的制定、不同尺度或区域共享骑行环境效益核算以及出行替代率的方法学研究等。     

空间溢出视角下的环境规制与绿色发展——困境还是协调？

绿色发展是未来经济发展的必然趋势，提升绿色全要素生产率是实现绿色发展的重要途径，环境规制是解决环境问题的有效保障。本文采用2004—2019年30个省级面板数据，构建动态空间杜宾模型，实证研究了环境总体规制、工业废气规制、工业废水规制、工业固体废物规制和光污染规制对绿色全要素生产率的空间溢出影响。研究发现，环境总体规制对本地绿色全要素生产率的影响呈U形，工业废气规制、工业废水规制和工业固体废物规制的研究结果存在同一规律，而光污染规制起抑制作用。总体规制对邻地绿色全要素生产率的影响呈倒U形，具体规制的影响各不相同，工业废气规制与总体规制的结果类似，而工业废水规制的空间溢出效应表现为负，工业固体废物规制和光污染规制的空间溢出效应不显著。本文从实证角度验证了“绿水青山”和“金山银山”的兼容性，环境规制和效率提升并不矛盾。在制定环境政策时，需考虑区域间的相互协调和实际产业情况。