厦门市郊区降尘中大分子有机质化学特征浅析

以厦门市的降尘(包括一次沙尘天气)为研究对象,采用综合湿法-化学方法获得腐殖酸(HA)、干酪根+碳黑(KB)和碳黑(BC)3类大分子有机质,分析了两种天气情况下大分子有机质的形貌特征、官能团结构和来源,同时探讨沙尘天气条件下的影响.结果表明,大分子有机质的形貌特征为探讨其来源提供了丰富的信息,如呈大孔网状结构的干酪根样品可能源于植物,而呈球状结构的BC样品则可能源于煤或油的不完全燃烧.傅立叶红外光谱研究表明,降尘中的HA、KB和BC具有相似的结构组成和官能团信息,而受到沙尘天气及季节性的影响,官能团的含量存在差别.碳稳定同位素结合扫描电镜进一步研究大分子有机质来源表明,大分子有机质有明显的陆源C3植物的信息,且有部分化石燃料的信息.沙尘天气降尘中大分子有机质的δ13C值低于正常天气,这与植物的不同地域生长环境、沙尘暴携带的来自蒙古沙漠和中国西北部的沙尘及陆源有机质的δ13C值偏低区域的沙尘影响有关.KB和BC的相关性显著(r=0.964,p ＜0.01),表明干酪根(K)与BC有部分相似的生物质来源.     

Composition and Some Ecological Features of Winter Zooplankton in Deep Stratified Lakes

For the first time, zooplankton and environmental factors have been studied in winter in the deep stratified lakes Siverskoe, Borodaevskoe, and Vydogoshch. The zooplankton consists of 18–22 species of rotifers, copepods, and cladocerans, including 15–18 specifically winter, cryophilic and eurythermic forms. The populations of zooplankters reproduce actively: males and egg-bearing females (in copepods), females with embryos and eggs in brood pouches (in cladocerans), and females with attached eggs (in rotifers) are present. In lakes Siverskoe and Borodaevskoe (depth 20–24 m), where oxygen deficiency is observed only in the bottom water layer, the zooplankton populates the greater part of the water column and forms a large aggregation in the oxycline and near the bottom. The abundance of bacteria in these zones is high (up to 4–6 × 10⁶ cells/ml). In Lake Vydogoshch (depth 16 m), oxygen deficiency extends to the middle layers, and all zooplankton is distributed above the oxycline. The biomass of winter zooplankton in Lake Siverskoe in 1983 averaged 1.26 g/m³, with a maximum of 4 g/m³; in 1993, 1.4 and 8.04 g/m²; the respective values in Lake Borodaevskoe were 0.98 and 3.1 in 1983 and 0.14 and 1.6 in 1993; in Lake Vydogoshch, 0.15 and 0.24 in 1983 and 1.25 g/m³ in 1993. The development of winter zooplankton is limited by the size of the zone of oxygen deficiency and depends on the amount of food (bacterioplankton). The distribution of zooplankton in the water column and its biomass in individual layers is determined by the rate of methane formation and oxidation.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 3, 2005, pp. 201–214.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Rivier.     

MODELING THE BIG BLACK RIVER: A COMPARISON OF WATER QUALITY MODELS1

ABSTRACT: The Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality uses the Steady Riverine Environmental Assessment Model (STREAM) to establish effluent limitations. While the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has approved of its use, questions arise regarding the model's simplicity. The objective of this research was to compare STREAM with the more commonly utilized Enhanced Stream Water Quality Model (QUAL2E). The comparison involved a statistical evaluation procedure based on sensitivity analyses, input probability distribution functions, and Monte Carlo simulation with site‐specific data from a 46‐mile (74‐km) reach of the Big Black River in central Mississippi. Site specific probability distribution functions were derived from measured rates of reaeration, sediment oxygen demand, photosynthesis, and respiration. Both STREAM and QUAL2E reasonably predicted daily average dissolved oxygen (DO) based on a comparison of output probability distributions with observed DO. Observed DO was consistently within 90 percent confidence intervals of model predictions. The STREAM approach generally overpredicted while QUAL2E generally matched observed DO. Using the more commonly assumed lognormal distribution as opposed to a Weibull distribution for two of the sensitive input parameters resulted in minimal differences in the statistical evaluations. The QUAL2E approach had distinct advantages over STREAM in simulating the growth cycle of algae.     

Spatial and seasonal variability of dissolved oxygen and nutrients in the Southern Adriatic coastal waters

The main objective of this paper is to present vertical and horizontal patterns of dissolved oxygen and nutrients found during four seasonal surveys (March, June, September and December 2000) in the Southern Adriatic Sea coastal waters. The multivariate technique Principal Component Analysis has been applied to our dataset considering the following parameters: seawater temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, silicate). The resulting plot shows in a self-explanatory way that a seasonal trend was not observable in the investigated period and that no significant differences occur between the stations sampled in the Taranto Gulf and those along the Adriatic coast. Water column stratification persists in all seasons, except in spring, in the shallowest stations. The surface layer is characterized by a low nutrient content. The influence of the Northern Adriatic Surface Water in the Southern Adriatic sub-basin seems to be very low and can be traced by nitrate and silicate only in spring and winter. Regarding deep waters, nitrate distribution shows an increasing gradient moving from the coast to the open sea, having the lowest concentration in the shelf area and the highest in the most offshore stations of the Otranto Strait. In the Otranto Strait area the vertical distributions of physical and chemical parameters show, at middle depths, the inflow of Levantine Intermediate Water, traced by both the maximum of salinity, nitrate and phosphate and the minimum of oxygen. The LIW signal is lost moving northward. The outflow of Adriatic Dense Water is less evident, being traced only in spring by an oxygen increase at the bottom layer in the shelf area. The N:P ratio is highly variable but in the range already observed in the Southern Adriatic, suggesting a P-limitation, which can both contribute to the low primary productivity of the area and support the N:P ratio anomaly of the Eastern Mediterranean.     

Cumulative impact of marinas on estuarine water quality

The purpose of this work is to present a modeling approach for assessing and managing the cumulative impact of marinas on estuarine systems. In doing so, both a water-quality model and a planning and management model are developed. The water-quality model predicts biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and fecal coliform (FC) loadings from marina sources in a hypothetical North Carolina estuary. By running the water-quality model repeatedly with varied loading input, impact coefficients are determined. These impact coefficients are used in the planning and management model, the output of which gives the sizes and locations of marinas in the estuarine system such that dissolved oxygen (DO) and FC water-quality standards are maintained.Five different estuarine development scenarios are considered. Each scenario is evaluated with respect to both maximum and uniform land development constraints. In addition, two alternative fecal coliform standards are used with each of the development options.     

长三角一体化示范区青浦区水体表层沉积物有机质分布特征、来源解析及污染评价

采集了长三角一体化示范区青浦区25个采样点的表层沉积物,分析了样品中总有机碳（TOC）、总氮（TN）、有机碳同位素(δ¹³C)和氮同位素(δ¹⁵N),探讨了研究区域表层沉积物中有机碳的分布特征和潜在来源,并进行了有机污染指数评价.结果表明,青浦区31个采样点表层沉积物中ω（TOC）为0.21%～3.55%,平均值为1.18%;ω（TN）范围为0.02%～0.23%,平均值为0.09%;δ¹³C范围为-28.04‰～-10.80‰,平均值为-22.28‰;δ¹⁵N范围为2.28‰～11.19‰,平均值为5.76‰;且TOC含量与TN含量显著相关;来源分析表明,研究区域表层沉积物中有机质主要受土壤有机质、污水有机质和陆生植物的影响;基于IsoSource软件的贡献率计算结果表明,土壤有机质相对贡献率较高（0.3%～96.8%）,且生活污水对多数采样点有机质来源均有一定的贡献;此外所选端元物质对不同土地利用类型样品中有机质来源贡献具有一定差异性;研究区域表层沉积物中有机污染评价指数范围为0.006～0.7...     

祁连山北坡中段降水稳定同位素特征及水汽来源分析

依据祁连山北坡中段8个站点的降水样品,结合同期气象数据,从降水同位素特征、影响因素以及水汽来源等方面进行分析,结果表明:①研究区降水稳定同位素季节变化明显,表现为夏半年富集,冬半年贫化的特征;在空间尺度上δ18O值随海拔的升高而减小,年降水δ18O的海拔效应为-0. 19‰/100 m;②各站点的局地大气降水线的斜率和截距表现为随海拔的增加而增加的趋势,表明2 000 m以上的高海拔山区受到更强烈的局地再循环水汽的影响;③研究区降水中稳定同位素温度效应显著,δ18O的温度效应为0. 64‰,且仅在夏季存在微弱的降水量效应;④研究区云下蒸发作用显著.在5、6、7和8月,研究区降水δ18O的平均雨滴蒸发率分别为23%、11%、12%和16%,云下蒸发富集率46%、27%、38%和32%;⑤在夏季连续降雨条件下,研究区降水的水汽来源主要为西风水汽,同时受到局地蒸发水汽的影响.本研究结果有助于进一步了解内陆河水文循环过程,为进一步开展干旱区同位素水文研究奠定基础.     

A critical review of sulfate aerosol formation mechanisms during winter polluted periods

Sulfate aerosol contributes to particulate matter pollution and plays a key role in aerosol radiative forcing, impacting human health and climate change. Atmospheric models tend to substantially underestimate sulfate concentrations during haze episodes, indicating that there are still missing mechanisms not considered by the models. Despite recent good progress in understanding the missing sulfate sources, knowledge on different sulfate formation pathways during polluted periods still involves large uncertainties and the dominant mechanism is under heated debate, calling for more field, laboratory, and modeling work. Here, we review the traditional sulfate formation mechanisms in cloud water and also discuss the potential factors affecting multiphase S(Ⅳ) oxidation. Then recent progress in multiphase S(Ⅳ) oxidation mechanisms is summarized. Sulfate formation rates by different prevailing oxidation pathways under typical winter-haze conditions are also calculated and compared. Based on the literature reviewed, we put forward control of the atmospheric oxidation capacity as a means to abate sulfate aerosol pollution. Finally, we conclude with a concise set of research priorities for improving our understanding of sulfate formation mechanisms during polluted periods.     

锡林河上游雨季降水、河水和地下水转化关系

为深入理解草原内陆河流域的水文循环过程及不同水体转化机制,以锡林河流域大气降水、河水和地下水为研究对象,对其氢氧稳定同位素进行了测试及多尺度时空特征分析,探究流域不同水体间的定量转化关系.结果表明：①锡林河流域具有明显的内陆性半干旱气候特征,大气降水是流域河水和地下水的主要补给源,地下水和河水同时经历了不同程度的非平衡蒸发;②河水同位素组成在季节上表现出春秋贫化、夏季富集的特征,在空间上表现为自上游到下游逐渐升高的趋势;浅层和深层地下水δ¹⁸O在生长季的波动变化基本一致,二者的主要差异发生在生长季末期,即前者趋于稳定而后者呈上升趋势,反映出深层地下水对大气降水和地表水入渗补给具有滞后响应,在空间上二者均由东南向西北逐渐贫化;③基于端元混合模型的估算结果可知,夏季大气降水和浅层地下水对河水的平均补给比例分别为52.69%和47.31%,说明对于内陆河流域,即使在多雨季节,浅层地下水也是河水的重要补给来源,研究旨在为半干旱典型草原内陆河流域的水资源调控和生态环境保护提供理论指导.     

高寒干旱区地表水与地下水水化学特征及转换关系：以大通河流域为例

全球气候变暖和区域极端气候会导致高寒干旱山区平原降雨失衡、冰川融化和冻土退化,进而改变区域水文循环.其中,地表水与地下水转化关系是高寒干旱区水文循环气候响应的重要科学问题之一.以祁连山南麓大通河流域为研究区,基于119组基本水化学参数和38组氘氧同位素数据,利用多元统计分析和同位素技术,研究了流域地表水与地下水的水化学特征及其相互转化过程.结果表明,流域地表水以HCO₃-Mg·Ca型水为主,受控于岩石风化作用;地下水以HCO₃-Mg·Ca型和Cl·SO₄-Na型水为主,受岩石风化作用和蒸发浓缩共同控制.上游地下水存在少量钙、镁长石的溶解,中游地下水化学组分主要为碳酸盐岩的风化溶解,下游地下水中各离子组分蒸发富集使地下水溶解性总固体升高.风化溶滤、人为活动、原生沉积环境、阳离子交替吸附及其他因素对研究区地表水和地下水化学组分的贡献率依次为39.1%、 15.0%、 12.6%、 13.8%和19.5%.δD和δ¹⁸O同位素测试结果表明,沿地下水流向大通河河水氘氧同位素含量呈富集到贫化的变化趋势,大通河...