Constraints on temperature-dependent sex determination in the leopard gecko (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eublepharis macularius</Emphasis>): response to Kratochvil et al.

Kratochvil et al. (Naturwissenschaften 95:209–215, 2008) reported recently that in the leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius) of the family Eublepharidae with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), clutches in which eggs were incubated at the same temperature produce only same-sex siblings. Interpreting this result in light of studies of sex steroid hormone involvement in sex determination, they suggested that maternally derived yolk steroid hormones could constrain sex-determining mechanisms in TSD reptiles. We have worked extensively with this species and have routinely incubated clutches at constant temperatures. To test the consistency of high frequency same-sex clutches across different incubation temperatures, we examined our records of clutches at the University of Texas at Austin from 1992 to 2001. We observed that clutches in which eggs were incubated at the same incubation temperature produced mixed-sex clutches as well as same-sex clutches. Furthermore, cases in which eggs within a clutch were separated and incubated at different temperatures produced the expected number of mixed-sex clutches. These results suggest that maternal influences on sex determination are secondary relative to incubation temperature effects.     

长江流域重庆段水体和沉积物中农药分布特征及风险评价

以长江干流重庆段、乌江和嘉陵江支流段作为研究对象,系统分析该研究区域水体和沉积物中农药的种类分布及污染状况;并对水体和沉积物中农药污染开展生态风险评估。结果表明,水体中共检出13种农药,总浓度范围为18.02～167.18 ng·L~(-1),主要污染物为敌敌畏、多菌灵和阿特拉津;沉积物中共检出12种农药,总浓度范围为7.08～38.35 ng·g~(-1),主要污染物为敌敌畏和多菌灵;与国内其他地区的水体和沉积物中农药污染浓度相比,处于中等偏低的水平。水体中农药风险评估结果表明,敌敌畏和毒死蜱在大部分检测位点0.1≤RQ<1;在S7和S18监测位点中,敌敌畏、避蚊胺、阿特拉津和毒死蜱均0.1相似文献   

耐盐类固醇激素降解菌交替赤杆菌MH-B5的降解特性、降解途径及其固定化

从咸水湖中分离得到1株具有类固醇激素降解能力的耐盐菌株,利用16S rRNA基因序列同源性分析确定菌株MH-B5属于交替赤杆菌属(Altererythrobacter),其可生长p H范围为5.5~9.0,可耐受盐度生长范围为0~7%,单碳降解实验表明该菌可以利用雌酮、雌二醇、雌三醇和睾酮.应用超高压液相色谱串联四级杆飞行时间质谱分析得出菌株降解睾酮的过程中主要中间代谢产物为4-雄烯二酮、宝丹酮和雄二烯二酮.应用单一载体和复合载体两种方法分别制备的菌株MH-B5固定化颗粒均可降解雌二醇,批次降解实验表明菌株MH-B5固定化颗粒可有效降解2 mg·L~(-1)雌二醇及其初级代谢产物雌酮.上述研究结果表明菌株MH-B5可在海水中生长良好,其能降解典型雌激素及雄激素睾酮,且经过微生物固定化过程后依然具有类固醇激素的降解特性,因此对类固醇激素污染的咸水环境修复,具有潜在应用前景.     

兰竹荔枝胚珠内源激素含量变化与胚胎发育的关系

以兰竹荔枝胚胎发育时期的正常胚珠与败育胚珠为试验材料，研究了胚胎发育与内源激素的关系，结果表明：正常胚珠中ＩＡＡ、ＧＡ１＋３和ＡＢＡ含量均在花后７ｄ达到峰值，随后呈下降趋势；但ＩＡＡ和ＧＡ１＋３含量在心形胚至鱼雷胚时期都有所回升，ＣＴＫ含量在球形胚之前一直很高，败育胚珠中ＡＢＡ含量在胚胎败育期保持较高水平，ＩＡＡ和ＧＡ１＋３则降到最低点，ＣＴＫ含量亦明显低于正常胚珠，ＺＲｓ、ＤＨＺＲｓ和ｉＰＡｓ含     

外源植物激素喷施对三叶鬼针草修复镉污染土壤的影响

为了探究外源植物激素喷施对超积累植物吸收重金属的影响,以三叶鬼针草（Bidens pilosa L.）为供试植物,通过叶面喷施3种不同浓度的6-苄基腺嘌呤（6-BA）、水杨酸（SA）和24-表油菜素甾醇（24-EBR）,研究外源植物激素喷施对三叶鬼针草修复镉（Cd）污染的影响.结果表明,分别喷施适宜浓度的3种外源植物激素：①高效强化三叶鬼针草修复Cd污染土壤效果,使植株叶部Cd含量分别增加4.21%、31.79%和14.89%,使转运系数（TF）分别提高9.67%、18.83%和17.85%,使植株提取效率（PR）分别提高15.36%、32.33%和64.38%;②显著促进三叶鬼针草的生长,使植株地上部干重分别增加了37.53%、74.50%和104.02%;③显著增强三叶鬼针草的光合作用,使植株叶绿素a含量分别提高了79.31%、92.27%和51.12%,此时光化学猝灭系数（qP）分别提高11.32%、89.16%和78.43%,非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）分别提高51.71%、241.12%和27.85%;④显著强化三叶鬼针草抗氧化能力,使得植株丙二醛（MDA）浓度分别降低了62.41%、68.67%和46.76%,使超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性分别提高了68.33%、10.28%和6.17%,过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性分别提高了31.43%、37.87%和37.31%.综上所述,Cd胁迫下喷施适宜浓度的外源6-BA、SA和24-EBR可显著提高三叶鬼针草生物量,促进重金属在植株体内富集;提升植株光合作用能力,降低重金属胁迫对植株的氧化损伤,增强抗氧化能力,提高植株对于Cd的吸收和耐受性;促进植株根部Cd向地上部转移,提高植株对重金属Cd的提取效率,高效强化植株修复效果,其中以30 mg ·L^-1 SA叶面喷施效果最佳.     

广州河涌水体中食蚊鱼肝脏性激素相关基因的表达水平研究

应用食蚊鱼细胞色素P450芳香化酶基因(CYP19α)、卵黄蛋白原基因(VTGα)和雌/雄激素受体基因(ERα/ARα)m RNA转录水平为指标,评价广州海珠涌和黄埔涌食蚊鱼受环境激素物质干扰产生雌/雄性化效应的现状。结果显示,海珠涌宝岗大道段(BG)、洪德路段(HD)和黄埔涌赤岗路段(CG)、苗艺路段(MY)采样点雌鱼性腺CYP19αm RNA表达水平显著降低。雌鱼肝脏VTGαm RNA的表达水平在夏冬两季CG点都显著升高,但在BG、HD和MY点的表达水平在冬季则显著下降;夏冬两季雌鱼雄激素受体ARαm RNA表达水平在各点都显著升高。雄鱼性腺CYP19αm RNA表达水平在各点都无明显差异,但CG点在夏季显著升高,而MY点在冬季则显著下降;雄鱼肝脏VTGα和雌激素受体ERαm RNA表达水平分别在各点都显著升高,但夏季MY点和冬季HD、MY各点无明显差异。结果表明,雌性食蚊鱼的VTGα和CYP19α基因受到不同程度的抑制,ERα较对照REF明显升高,表现出雄激素效应;雄性食蚊鱼VTGα和ERα转录水平较对照REF显著升高,CYP19α基因无显著性差异,表现出雌激素效应。生活在广州海珠涌和黄埔涌中的食蚊鱼受雌/雄激素物质干扰明显,表明河涌中环境激素污染严重。     

不同硝化负荷MBR去除类固醇雌激素的研究

以雌酮(E1)和17α-乙炔基雌二醇(EE2)2种典型类固醇雌激素为研究对象,考察了不同硝化负荷好氧MBR对其的去除特性.结果表明,硝化负荷为6.19,0.35,10.58mg/(gMLSS·d)的MBR对E1平均去除率分别为72.33%、64.06%和71.77%,去除负荷分别为29.98,23.06,27.66mg/(gMLSS·d);对EE2平均去除率分别为55.40%、42.87%和58.90%,去除负荷分别为22.39,16.54,23.58mg/(gMLSS·d).E1去除效果均优于EE2.MBR硝化负荷与氨氧化细菌之间有较好的线性关系;而SEs去除负荷与氨氧化细菌及硝化负荷之间不满足线性关系.硝化负荷为0.35mg/(gMLSS·d)时,SEs去除负荷较低,硝化负荷达到6.19mg/(gMLSS·d)时,SEs的去除负荷显著提高,而当硝化负荷增加到10.58mg/(gMLSS·d)时,SEs去除负荷不再有效提高.     

增塑剂邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯的危害、分布及生物降解

邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）广泛用于塑料产品、皮革、建筑材料、个人护理产品、洗涤剂、油漆和药物等产品中。作为最常用的增塑剂,DEHP一直是备受关注的人工合成物。本文在国内外已有研究成果的基础上,综述分析了DEHP的危害、分布和生物降解等,为今后的研究提供思路。许多动物实验研究结果显示,DEHP具有生殖发育毒性、免疫毒性、胚胎毒性、肝脏毒性及致癌性等多种毒性,并具有引起甲状腺素代谢改变的类雌激素活性。虽有针对 DEHP 与乳腺癌、胰腺癌、睾丸癌、呼吸系统癌症和多发性骨髓瘤等的关系之间的研究,但无足够证据表明 DEHP 会导致人类患上这些癌症或其他疾病。由于人体实验数据的严重缺乏,DEHP对人体的毒性并未得到完全确认,因此WHO将DEHP列为2B类物质,意为可能的致癌物质。作者认为DEHP的人体毒性实验是有关DEHP研究的前提和首要任务,因此建议对DEHP接触人群开展追踪研究,以获得基础性数据。另外鉴于环境中存在多种污染物质,因此建议开展 DEHP 与其他物质的协同毒性的研究。检测数据表明,DEHP已经广泛存在于水、食品容器、空气和土壤中。我国松花江、黄河和长江等多处采样点的数值超出了国家规定的生活饮用水水源水标准或国家地表水水质标准。DEHP 也是污水中最为常见的内分泌干扰物质。DEHP也广泛存在于牛奶、肉、奶酪、谷物、鱼和各种海产品等,且脂类含量越高,如牛奶、肉类和鱼类等,则DEHP的含量越高。塑料包装的食品如果放置时间过长,则会导致更多的DEHP释放到食品中。家具及装修材料也会释放DEHP,因此室内空气中也会含有一定量的DEHP。目前,美国、澳大利亚、日本等大多数国家规定DEHP在空气中的职业暴露限值为5 mg·m^-3,WHO建议饮用水中DEHP的限值为8μg·L^-1,我国也?     

Size of sexual swellings reflects ovarian function in chimpanzees (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pan troglodytes</Emphasis>)

While many theories exist on the evolution of the sexual swelling signal in female primates, the significance of the very large and variable swellings found in some catarrhine primates is still debated. As suggested by Pagel [(1994) Anim Behav 47:1333–1341], these exaggerated and costly signals have the potential to provide information about differential female reproductive quality to males. While Domb [(2000) Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge] and Domb and Pagel [(2001) Nature 410:204–206] propose that swellings serve to reliably indicate between-female fitness differences, we hypothesize that they may indicate current reproductive cycle quality, within or between females. This study examines the between-cycle relationship between ovarian function, gauged via fecal steroid analysis, and absolute size of sexual swellings, yielded through photogrammetric methods. Fourteen cycles from eight captive, group-living chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) exhibited considerable variability both in ovarian steroid levels and maximum sexual swelling size. Nearly all measures of a female's maximal swelling in a cycle correlated with early follicular and early luteal estradiol averages and the duration of luteal progesterone elevation. Swelling area was also correlated with late follicular estradiol. Given past evidence that such measures of ovarian function predict conceptive success, these data strongly suggest that swellings could convey information to competing males about the fecundability of a potential mate.Communicated by C. Nunn