COMPARISON OF DESIGN STORM CONCEPTS USING CONTINUOUS SIMULATION WITH SHORT DURATION STORMS1

ABSTRACT: The objectives of this paper were to test the ability of various design storm distributions to simulate the actual rainfall pattern and to compare the runoff rates used in the design of stormwater management devices in the State of Florida using continuous simulation approach. The analyses were performed for four gaged stations to evaluate the applicability of design storm distributions in different parts of the State of Florida. The approach used in this study compared the peak runoff rates from design storms based on the various distributions to those that would result from actual rainfall events. A series of continuous runoff rates were developed through the use of actual fifteen-minute recorded rainfall data, Horton type infiltration decay and recovery rate, and a continuous simulation model. The runoff rates were analyzed using frequency distributions to obtain peak runoff rates associated with different return periods based on the assumption that the continuous simulation approach closely predicts the actual runoff rates from the gaged stations. The results show that the behavior of the design storm distributions varies for different watershed characteristics in different parts of the state. The study also suggests that in general the Florida Department of Transportation and the Suwanne River Water Management (FDOT/ SRWMD) distributions appeared to agree with the continuous simulation results.     

RUNOFF OF METALS FROM ALUM-TREATED HORSE MANURE AND MUNICIPAL SLUDGE1

ABSTRACT: Land application of organic soil amendments can increase runoff concentrations of metals such as Fe and Zn, metalbids such as B and As, and non-metals such as P and S that have the potential for causing adverse environmental impacts. Aluminum sulfate, or alum (Al₂(SO₄)3*(14H₂O), can reduce concentrations of some materials in runoff from sites treated with organic amendments. The objectives of this study were to (a) quantify concentrations of selected constituents (Al, As, B, Ca, Cd, Co, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, P, Pb, 5, Se, Ti, and Zn) in runoff from plots treated with horse manure (mixed with stall bedding) and municipal sludge, (b) assess runoff quality effects of alum addition to those treatments, and (c) determine time variations in concentrations of the constituents. Horse manure and municipal sludge were applied to twelve 2.4 by 6.1 m fescue plots (six each for the manure and sludge). Alum was added to three of the manure-treated and three of the sludge-treated plots. Simulated rainfall (64 mm/h) was applied to the 12 treated plots and to three control (no treatment) plots. The first 0.5 h runoff was sampled and analyzed for the constituents described above. Addition of manure or sludge had no effect on runoff concentrations of the majority of constituents. In some cases (e.g., Al, As, Fe, Zn), however, concentrations were near or in excess of threshold values recommended for marine wildlife protection. Alum addition increased runoff of Al, Ca, K, and 5, due likely to its composition and by the addition of lime to counteract the acidity of alum. Concentration decreases of more than 50 percent were noted for P for the horse manure treatment. No alum effect was detected for P in runoff from the sludge-treated plots, possibly due to relatively stable P forms in the sludge. Runoff concentrations of Al, As, Fe, K, Mn, and P followed an approximately first-order decline with respect to time. Runoff concentrations of Ca and 5, however, peaked during the second runoff sample (four minutes following initiation of runoff), suggesting that differences in mobility and/or transport mechanisms exist among the materials investigated.     

沸石-茭白复合床技术脱氮中试研究

通过模拟农村暴雨径流水质 ,开展了沸石 茭白复合床技术处理农村暴雨径流的中试研究 ,分析了在不同工况下床体中各态氮的变化规律 ,结果表明 ,该项技术应用于暴雨径流氮的控制是可行的。     

城市河流重金属元素对降雨径流的动态响应

以海口市美舍河市区河段为研究对象,于2020年雨季分别采集降雨径流以及降雨径流汇入后的河流瞬时水样,测定并分析主要重金属元素的浓度及其变化规律,探讨其对降雨径流的动态响应。研究结果表明：降雨径流对河流可溶态污染元素质量浓度的贡献不突出,对可溶态锌（Zn）、砷（As）、镉（Cd）、硒（Se）具有一定稀释作用,排水口下游 3 m处是可溶态铬(Cr）、锰（Mn）、钴（Co）对降雨径流响应最显著区域;降雨径流对各悬浮态元素质量浓度贡献较大,排水口下游7 m处是绝大多数悬浮态元素对降〖JP〗雨径流响应最显著区域;Mn、Zn、Cr、镍（Ni）、As、Co、Cd 7种元素的总质量浓度对降雨径流的动态响应表现为先上升后下降。其中,排水口下游3 m处是Cr、As总质量浓度对降雨径流响应最显著区段,排水口下游7 m处是Mn、Co、Ni、Zn及Cd总质量浓度对降雨径流响应最显著区段。降雨径流对河流主要污染元素年输入总量估算结果表明,海口市建成区降雨径流向美舍河等受纳水体直接年输入量最大的是Mn和Zn,其次是Cr、As、Ni,Se与Cd的年输入量最小。     

CONTINUOUS SIMULATION OF RECEIVING WATER QUALITY TRANSIENTS1

: This paper presents solutions to the one-dimensional, transient conservation of mass equations for the coupled biochemical oxygen demand-dissolved oxygen (BOD-DO) reactions, based on the principle of superposition, for continuously discharging plane sources. The solutions are applied within the framework of a continuous simulation model to allow the derivation of water quality frequency curves and frequency histograms of consecutive hourly dissolved oxygen violations, for any desired standard. Receiving water response is determined for waste inputs from urban wet weather, dry weather, and upstream sources. An application to Des Moines, Iowa, and Des Moines River indicated that urban storm water impacts on the stream can be masked in the cumulative frequency curve representation, but the benefits of storm water control are clearly shown in frequency histograms of the duration of consecutive stream standard violations.     

城市路面降雨径流污染特征及源解析的研究进展

城市路面径流是城市地表径流的重要组成部分,因其污染强度大、对地表水体的影响严重而被予以格外的关注。通过对国内外关于路面径流水质的研究进行总结发现：我国城市道路径流中COD、TP、TN和Pb的平均质量浓度分别为239.59、0.46、6.29和0.14 mg·L-1,超过了国家地表水环境质量Ⅴ类标准,TSS的质量浓度高达552.86 mg·L-1。因此,COD、TP、TN、Pb和TSS是我国路面径流的主要污染物。高速路径流污染物Pb、Cu和Zn的浓度明显高于普通道路,而普通道路径流污染物中COD和TSS要高于高速路。与其他国家相比,我国城市道路雨水径流污染物浓度偏高。多数研究表明：污染物的质量浓度与降雨量呈负相关关系,路面坡度增加了车辆与路面的摩擦力和燃料的消耗,进而导致路面径流污染物的浓度较高,路面清扫或许对污染物的浓度有不利的影响,主要由于道路清扫将路面中部分大颗粒破碎,释放出了细小的颗粒物（粒径〈43μm）并且不能将其清除的缘故。但是,降雨强度、干期、降雨历时和车流量对径流水质的影响存在一定的争议。通过对现有的研究总结发现：车流量≥30000的路面径流中COD、TSS、Pb和Cu的浓度是车流量〈30000的路面径流中的2.5、4.3、1.4和5.1倍;路面径流中的重金属主要来源于车辆的交通损耗,有机污染物来源于车辆的交通活动和路面材质,营养污染物来源于大气干湿沉降。今后应从以下几方面开展研究：将多环芳烃、大肠杆菌等水质指标列入研究计划;深入分析影响降雨径流水质的因素及各影响因子间的交互作用;运用同位素溯源技术识别道路径流污染物来源。     

南宁市老城区降雨径流溯源及污染特征分析

降雨径流是城市河道污染的重要来源之一.为了解降雨径流的污染特征,对南宁市老城区进行降雨径流同步采样监测,分析不同降雨条件下不同下垫面污染状况、初期冲刷效应及污染贡献比等特征,探讨了径流污染初期冲刷计算方法及影响因素分析,并根据老城区菜市场下垫面讨论降雨径流下垫面选取标准与必要性.结果表明,南宁市老城区径流污染中,道路及...     

金盆水库暴雨径流时空演变过程及水质评价

为探究西安金盆水库汛期暴雨径流沿程时空演变过程及库区水质响应,对汛期2019年8月初与9月中旬两场暴雨径流上游河道至库区各断面的水质指标进行持续原位监测,并在垂向上采用单因子污染指数法和综合污染指数法对库区进行水质评价.结果表明：汛期暴雨径流连续不同的来流条件会演变成不同的潜入情况,两次径流初期入流量小,水库潜流均经历全断面径流-底部潜流-间层流的过程,在末期,8月初径流库区间层流位置由初期的545~565 m扩大为535~580 m,9月中旬径流潜流位置由初期540~575 m的间层流演变成575 m以下的底部潜流;连续的入流使库区热分层结构削弱,溶解氧得到补充,同时大量颗粒态污染物汇入库区,营养盐在垂向上表现为中层、底层水体高于表层;单因子污染指数表明径流潜流处总磷和高锰酸盐指数值都有一定的增加,末期均超过地表水Ⅲ类水质标准;综合污染指数表明8月初径流中层水质处于中污染,底层则受厌氧与颗粒沉降的双重影响达到重污染,并且在径流一周后达到峰值,而9月中旬的575 m以下的潜流直接导致中层水体处于重污染,底层由于溶解氧的补充处于中污染;汛期通过泄洪洞的排放与分层取水可以有效地保障供水安全.     

北京山区植被恢复建设对流域径流量影响研究

植被恢复是山区保持水土资源、恢复生态环境的关键措施.为探究植被恢复对流域产水量的影响,以密云水库集水区红门川森林流域为研究对象,采用Mann-Kendall非参数趋势检验、基于分离评判原理的水文分析法、Zhang(2001)模型等方法,定量分析了1989－2009年间北京山区气候及森林变化对流域径流量的影响.研究结果表明:红门川流域年降水及产流性降水量在研究时段内均呈波动下降趋势(P>0.05);流域年径流呈显著性减少趋势,且年径流量在1998 年前后发生减少突变(P<0.01);气候变化对红门川流域径流减少贡献率为43%,植被恢复建设导致的森林数量及质量变化对流域径流减少贡献率为18.6%,其他人类活动影响贡献率为38.4%.综合比较得知,与植被恢复建设相比,降水减少对山区产水量减少影响更大.研究结果可为北京山区森林流域水土资源规划及管理提供参考.     

北京市六环内绿色空间滞蓄雨水径流功能的变化评估

面对日益频发的城市内涝问题,科学认识绿色空间控制雨水径流的作用具有重要意义。论文以北京市六环内区域为研究区,评估了2000-2010年绿色空间滞蓄雨水径流的功能及其变化。结果表明：2000-2010年北京城市绿色空间减少198.49 km²,主要表现为农田和荒草地面积减小,五到六环内绿色空间缩减最为严重,且最大斑块指数（LPI）和聚集度指数（AI）均减小,景观破碎化趋势明显。绿色空间夏季滞蓄雨水径流量由2000年的1.32×10⁸ m³增加到2010年的1.46×10⁸ m³,但雨水滞蓄率相应地由23.43%下降到16.89%,这与绿色空间面积减小和景观格局变化有关。此外,五到六环内绿色空间滞蓄雨水径流能力最高,滞蓄率高达22%~32%,且逐年呈降低趋势;二到三环内绿色空间滞蓄雨水能力最低,需要重点加强暴雨内涝防治。这主要与不同环路内绿色空间的面积和斑块连通性有关。因此,建议优化调整北京市六环内绿色空间的组成结构和景观格局,充分发挥其滞蓄雨水径流功能,以降低城市内涝风险。