亚高山草甸土壤呼吸的空间异质性研究

运用传统和地统计学的方法,对山西云顶山亚高山草甸的土壤呼吸、土壤温度、土壤水分和土壤有机碳的空间异质性以及它们的关系进行了分析.传统统计分析表明,土壤呼吸及环境因子均呈正态分布,变异系数在12%~24%之间,属于中等变异;土壤呼吸和土壤有机碳的相关系数(r=0.61)大于和温度(r=0.27)、水分(r=0.26)的相关系数,表明土壤有机碳对土壤呼吸空间分布的影响要远大于土壤温度和水分的影响.地统计学分析结果表明,线性模型能很好地反映土壤呼吸以及环境因子的空间结构特征.土壤呼吸、土壤温度、土壤水分及土壤有机碳的C0/(C0+C)值分别为41%、3%、77%、57%,表明土壤温度具有高度的空间自相关性,土壤呼吸和土壤有机碳具有中等程度的空间自相关性,土壤水分表现出较弱的空间自相关性,结构因素对土壤温度和土壤呼吸的空间分布起着主导作用,而随机因素对土壤水分和土壤有机碳的空间变异则起着主导作用;土壤呼吸、温度和水分的变程均为53.2 m,有机碳的变程为52.1 m;土壤呼吸和土壤温度具有较好的分形特征,存在尺度上的依赖性.分维数从大到小依次为:土壤水分(1.96)>土壤有机碳(1.95)>土壤呼吸(1.85)>土壤温度(1.60),表明土壤水分依赖于尺度的变异最小,空间分布结构最复杂,而土壤温度的空间分布格局最简单;土壤呼吸的空间分布表现出与土壤水分和有机碳相似的特点,并表现出自己的规律性.随着置信水平和估计精度的降低,土壤呼吸及其影响因子所要求的采样数量均出现较大幅度的下降.     

Assessing alpine plant vulnerability to climate change: a modeling perspective

The potential ecological impact of ongoing climate change has been much discussed. High mountain ecosystems were identified early on as potentially very sensitive areas. Scenarios of upward species movement and vegetation shift are commonly discussed in the literature. Mountains being characteristically conic in shape, impact scenarios usually assume that a smaller surface area will be available as species move up. However, as the frequency distribution of additional physiographic factors (e.g., slope angle) changes with increasing elevation (e.g., with few gentle slopes available at higher elevation), species migrating upslope may encounter increasingly unsuitable conditions. As a result, many species could suffer severe reduction of their habitat surface, which could in turn affect patterns of biodiversity. In this paper, results from static plant distribution modeling are used to derive climate change impact scenarios in a high mountain environment. Models are adjusted with presence/absence of species. Environmental predictors used are: annual mean air temperature, slope, indices of topographic position, geology, rock cover, modeled permafrost and several indices of solar radiation and snow cover duration. Potential Habitat Distribution maps were drawn for 62 higher plant species, from which three separate climate change impact scenarios were derived. These scenarios show a great range of response, depending on the species and the degree of warming. Alpine species would be at greatest risk of local extinction, whereas species with a large elevation range would run the lowest risk. Limitations of the models and scenarios are further discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

高寒草甸植物群落谱系结构与多样性格局

为了解青藏高原高寒草甸植物群落谱系结构及物种多样性在海拔梯度上的变化,以甘南藏族自治州的高寒草甸植物群落为对象,选取五个不同海拔的研究样地,进行野外群落学调查及环境因子的测量,计算净亲缘指数（net relatedness index,NRI）和最近亲缘指数（nearest taxon index,NTI）等,探讨了群落谱系结构与谱系多样性的海拔格局变化.结果表明：随海拔升高,土壤温度、含水量、土壤全氮及有机碳均呈现降低趋势.植物群落物种丰富度、Shannon-Weiner多样性指数及谱系α多样性随海拔升高均呈现单峰变化规律,即在海拔3500m处植物群落α多样性达到最大;谱系β多样性指数betaMPD随海拔增加呈升高趋势,反映物种聚集受到生境过滤的显著影响.低海拔（3000m）群落谱系发散（NRI<0,NTI<0）,竞争排斥起到主要作用;中低海拔（3250m）和中海拔（3500m）处同时存在聚集（NRI>0,NTI>0）和发散（NRI<0,NTI<0）两种谱系结构,生境过滤和竞争排斥共同维持群落物种多样性;高海拔（3750m、4000m）群落谱系结构聚集（NRI>0,NTI>0）,其驱动因素与物种趋同进化和生境过滤有关.多元回归分析显示,在不同海拔,土温和土壤含水量成为物种共存的主要影响因素.本研究揭示青藏高原高寒草甸海拔梯度植物群落谱系结构及多样性格局的变化,说明生态位过程是维持其群落多样性的重要机制.     

不同干扰类型对呼伦贝尔草甸草原群落结构及物种多样性影响的比较

采用样方法,对比研究了2009—2011年刈割和围封干扰对呼伦贝尔草甸草原植物群落结构和物种多样性的影响. 结果表明:2009—2011年,围封干扰下建群种种群相对重要值分别为15.67%、17.73%、17.60%;而刈割干扰下建群种种群相对重要值分别为16.86%、14.84%、12.36%,呈明显下降趋势;表明围封干扰可促进建群种种群生长,而刈割则有一定的抑制作用. 2种干扰类型导致的植物群落生态类型变化趋势差异尚不显著. 2009—2011年,刈割干扰下,Margalef物种丰富度指数分别为6.05、4.58、4.27,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分别为3.13、2.89、2.79,Pielou均匀度指数分别为0.90、0.91、0.90;围封干扰下,Margalef物种丰富度指数分别为6.46、6.03、5.32,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分别为3.26、3.18、2.98,Pielou均匀度指数分别为0.87、0.87、0.85. 可见,在相同年份,刈割干扰下Margalef物种丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均低于围封干扰,Pielou均匀度指数均高于围封干扰. 说明围封干扰有利于植物物种多样性的维持,而适度的刈割干扰则有利于植物群落的均一化.      

MORPHOLOGIC RESPONSE OF SUBALPINE STREAMS TO TRANSBASIN FLOW DIVERSION1

ABSTRACT: Flow has been diverted from Rocky Mountain streams for many years with little documentation of the impacts on physical form and biological function of the losing stream system. This study addresses whether differences in form can be detected in subalpine step-pool, plane bed, or pool-riffle channels and linked to changes in flow regime from diversion. Total annual discharge was reduced between 20 and 60 percent and average annual peak flow was reduced up to 45 percent in the subalpine systems assessed; channels were diverted between 20 and 100 years. Expected impacts include reduced conveyance and changes in vegetation growth patterns because formerly active surfaces are colonized by riparian species, effectuating shrinking channel capacity. In this study, reduced channel width is used as an indicator of morphologic response. Observed reductions in width, ranging from 35 to 50 percent at some sites, resulted not only from vegetation invasion of stable surfaces but also from the development of an inset beside former cut banks. This observation, however, was restricted to wider pool-riffle channels with gravel bars. Outside of these areas, morphologic changes were either subtle or absent. The absence of widespread response is attributed primarily to periodic “flooding” of the diverted channel. During wetter-than-average years when excess water is available, minimal flow is diverted and the hydrograph resembles a free-flowing regime. The release of high flow to the natural channel potentially offsets changes in form incurred during “dry” periods. The stable nature and structure of subalpine channels also contributes to the absence of reduced capacity.     

川西亚高山云杉人工林与天然林养分分布和生物循环比较

研究了川西亚高山云杉人工林和天然林养分的分布和生物循环特点 ,结果表明 :云杉天然林和人工林各养分含量变化总趋势为 :w(N) ,针叶 >凋落物 >土壤 >树枝 >树干 ;w(P2 O5,K2 O ,CaO ,MgO) ,土壤 >凋落物 >针叶 >树枝 >树干 ;在针叶、树枝、树干和凋落物中养分含量是CaO >N >K2 O >MgO >P2 O5,而在土壤中养分含量是CaO >K2 O >MgO >N >P2 O5.养分贮量以天然云杉林最高 ,且主要集中在土壤中 (占 6 9%) ,而人工云杉林随着抚育林龄的增加 ,地上各组分养分贮量增加 ,土壤中养分贮量则先升后降 ,人工和天然云杉林地上各组分养分贮量主要集中在针叶 ;云杉林养分年积累量以天然林最高 ,在人工林中随着抚育林龄的增加 ,养分年积累量随之增加 ,人工云杉幼林以N、CaO积累为主 ,而成熟林则以CaO、N积累为主 .养分的吸收、存留量天然林高于人工云杉林 ,人工云杉成熟林和天然林的利用系数和周转期相似 ,人工云杉林随着抚育林龄的增加 ,吸收、存留量增大 ,利用系数降低 ,归还量和循环系数先增后降 ,周转期则变长 ,人工云杉林利用系数顺序为 :CaO >MgO >N >K2 O >P2 O5,周转期顺序为 :P2 O5>K2 O >MgO >N >CaO .表 5参 14     

川西亚高山森林土壤有机层碳、氮、磷储量特征

同步研究了川西亚高山云杉林、冷杉林和白桦林生态系统土壤有机层(OL)和矿质层(MS)的有机碳、全氮及全磷储量特征.所有土壤剖面上的有机碳和易氧化有机碳含量均随土壤深度增加而降低,即未分解层<半分解层<完全分解层<腐殖质层<淀积层<母质层.云杉林、冷杉林和白桦林土壤有机层的有机碳储量分别为29.38(±1.28)thm-2、22.70(±1.20)thm-2和8.63(±0.95)thm-2,矿质土壤中分别为17.84(±1.92)thm-2、19.74(±1.76)thm-2和14.92(±1.64)thm-2.冷杉林和白桦林土壤剖面上的全氮和全磷含量大小顺序为半分解层<完全分解层<腐殖质层,但腐殖质层>淀积层>母质层.云杉林、冷杉林、白桦林土壤有机层的全氮储量分别为0.85(±0.11)thm-2、0.68(±0.06)thm-2和(0.36±0.03)thm-2,全磷储量分别为0.29(±0.03)thm-2、0.22(±0.03)thm-2和0.06(±0.02)thm-2.图2表2参22     

西藏高原高寒草甸能量平衡闭合研究

运用OLS线性回归和计算EBR能量平衡比率的方法,以当雄草原站2003~2005年的通量数据为基础,对西藏高寒草原的能量平衡闭合状况进行了研究。研究结果表明,当雄草原站存在着能量不完全闭合的现象,OLS线型回归斜率偏低。生长季能量闭合状况好于非生长季,白天好于夜晚,晴天好于阴天和雨雪天气。随后对能量不闭合的原因进行了初步分析。将潜热通量、显热通量以及土壤热通量的时间提前后,能量闭合程度提高。得出结论,由于热量传输速率的差别,在很大程度上影响了能量的闭合。其他原因如采样的误差与仪器的误差、高频和低频的损失、其他能量项的忽略、平流的损失,也造成了部分能量的不闭合。     

三江平原草甸白浆土P、K养分含量特征及影响因素

在三江平原湿地植物生长季节期内,选择具有代表性的小叶章湿地发育的草甸白浆土为研究对象,逐月分层采集土样,测定其P、K含量.在此基础上借助SPSS软件和灰色关联分析技术,探讨了草甸白浆土中P、K含量的分布特征及相关环境因子对P、K含量动态变化的影响.结果表明:草甸白浆土中P、K含量在剖面垂直方向具有明显的分层现象,P、K分布与土层的相关性均较好,相关系数均在0.94以上.此外,草甸白浆土各土层P、K含量在植物生长季节均呈明显的动态变化,用一元三次非线性回归模型可得到较理想的拟合结果.同一环境因子对草甸白浆土各土层中全P、全K、速效P及速效K的动态分布影响程度不同;不同环境因子对同一土层中P、K的动态分布影响程度更不同.降水量在所有环境因子中影响程度最大,且土壤表层受环境因子的影响较底部土层敏感.     

内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗草甸草原生态环境时空演变分析

选取内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗满都胡宝拉格草甸草原为研究区,在遥感和GIS技术的支撑下,以景观生态学理论为指导,通过分析该地区近15年来四个时期景观类型的空间格局、演化态势和变化规律,从景观视角挖掘出格局信息与生态环境变化之间的内在关联性,运用马尔科夫链模型对未来草原景观格局变化的趋势进行了模拟和预测,并分析了该地区生态环境变化的驱动机制,为科学利用和保护草地资源、保证区域可持续发展提供了科学依据。