不同光照和磷水平下两种沉水植物磷富集和钙磷含量的比较

沉水植物光合作用形成的微环境有利于水体中钙和磷形成CaCO₃-P共沉淀,将水体磷迁移到基质,避免植物腐烂后的二次污染.但沉水植物形成CaCO₃-P共沉淀的能力依赖植物种类和环境条件.本研究以菹草和粉绿狐尾藻为研究对象,设置无机添加磷质量浓度(0、 0.2和2mg·L^-1)和光照强度[66μmol·(m²·s)^-1和110μmol·(m²·s)^-1]两个变量,测定其培养一周后植物相对生长速率、植株总磷、植株灰分磷和钙磷的含量,以比较不同植物富集水体磷的实际能力和植物腐败后对水体磷增加的影响.结果表明:①菹草在各种培养条件下的相对生长速率显著高于粉绿狐尾藻,在外源性磷质量浓度为2mg·L^-1和光照强度为66μmol·(m²·s)^-1时,相对生长速率达到最大;②无机磷添加显著影响了两种植物的灰分总磷(菹草95.681%和粉绿狐尾藻85.432%), 2种沉水植物灰分磷中Ca-...     

5种沉水植物的氮、磷吸收和水质净化能力比较

选取轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)、苦草(Vallisneria natans)、金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、穗状狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)、微齿眼子菜(Potamogeton maackianus)等5种乡土沉水植物为研究对象,在室内静水条件下对其氮、磷吸收和水质净化能力进行比较研究.结果表明,不同沉水植物试验前后的含水率差异较小,变化范围为89.8%~92.0%,但净增生物量差异较大且均存在显著性差异,变化范围(干重计)为1.52~12.92 g·m-2,其中净增生物量最高的轮叶黑藻是最低的微齿眼子菜的8.5倍.不同沉水植物试验前后植株氮、磷含量变化范围分别为26.54~34.44 g·kg~(-1)和2.54~4.01g·kg~(-1),其中金鱼藻的植株氮、磷含量相对偏高.不同沉水植物处理的水质TN、TP去除率范围分别为63.8%~83.1%和49.2%~70.8%,均显著高于CK处理的39.9%和36.9%,去除率大小顺序均为:轮叶黑藻金鱼藻苦草穗状狐尾藻微齿眼子菜CK.不同沉水植物处理的水质TN、TP去除率与净增生物量存在较高相关性,相关性系数分别为0.994(P0.01)和0.996(P0.01).不同沉水植物氮、磷直接吸收贡献率范围分别为1.5%~13.3%和2.2%~13.2%,扣除水体自身自净能力后沉水植物的增效作用贡献率范围分别为22.5%~29.9%和10.1%~20.6%,表明水质净化氮、磷去除过程中沉水植物的增效作用要大于直接吸收作用.     

太湖水源地水质净化的生态工程试验研究

基于生物净化技术与工程措施相结合的思想,在太湖北部的梅梁湾牵龙口水厂水源地实施了净化水质的生态工程试验.该水域位于太湖梅梁湾的东北岸.调查发现,由于这个地区夏季盛行偏南风,吹程长,风浪较大,导致沉积物易于悬浮,且蓝藻也易于在此堆积;同时该水域水较深、透明度较低.为了能够净化水质,在氮磷营养盐浓度依然很高、恢复沉水植物难以奏效的情况下,选择漂浮植物和浮叶植物为主要内容的水生植物恢复手段,结合消浪、挡藻和控藻等技术措施,使得示范区的环境条件得到改善,并达到了净化水源地水质的目的.同时,在试验区内布设大量用于附着生物富集的人工介质,如渔网.结果显示,试验区的水质得到了显著的改善.与示范区外的参照点相比,各项水质参数改善的程度达30%～60%.说明这种新的方法和思路是有效的.     

Assessing water quality in the Ceyhan River basin (Turkey) with the use of aquatic macrophytes

As a major biotic component of many lotic ecosystems, macrophytes consist a major component of running waters are often used as indicators within the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) to establish ecological quality. In this study, we investigated macrophyte community structure (e.g. composition, abundance and diversity) in Ceyhan River Basin located in the Southeastern Anatolian Region in Turkey. Data was collected during 2014–2015 from river sites located throughout the basin to evaluate the relationship between aquatic vegetation and river physico-chemical factors. The ecological status of the river basin was also calculated based on Macrophyte Biological Index for River (IBMR). In total, 33 macrophyta taxa were observed. According to their biological classification (life form), filamentous algae (FA), free floating (FF), floating leaved (FL) and submersed (S) macrophytes reached their maximum abundance value in summer, while emergent (E) macrophytes were at their maximum abundance in both summer and autumn. The ecological status of the Ceyhan River basin ranged from moderate to bad. The values found are reasonably comparable to IBMR scores recorded in rivers of other Mediterranean countries. IBMR index may be suitable to some extent to establish a basis for ecological quality assessment in Turkish River systems.     

一体式膜生物反应器的膜污染及对策

膜污染是一体式膜生物反应器运行中不可避免的问题。膜污染主要是污水中的污染物、微生物及其产生的胞外聚合物(EPS)、可溶性代谢产物 (SMP)类物质引起的。通过合理的设计及加强运行管理 ,结合有效的反冲洗和清洗措施 ,能够最大限度避免膜污染和恢复膜通量。     

大型水生植物对骆马湖氮磷元素及磷酸酶活性的影响

在骆马湖中选择有大型水生植物生长区域及无草对照区,测定主要水质指标,采集沉积物柱状样,分层测定沉积物氮磷元素含量及磷酸酶活性,探讨大型水生植物对骆马湖生态系统中氮磷元素及磷酸酶活性影响特征,结果表明：（1）大型水生植物生长区上覆水透明度明显高于对照(CK),是对照(CK)19倍;但有草区凯氏氮(KN)、可溶性氮(DN)含量低于对照(CK),方差分析表明二者差异极显著(〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗≤001);（2）大型水生植物生长能降低磷酸酶的活性,有草区不同深度沉积物酸（碱）磷酸酶活性总体小于对照(CK),但沉积物表层磷酸酶活性最强;（3）有草区不同深度沉积物TP含量低于对照(CK),但有草区表层沉积物凯氏氮(KN)含量高于对照(CK ).     

沉积物再悬浮对沉水植物生长的影响研究

通过室内模拟实验,研究了沉积物再悬浮对苦草(Vallisneria natans)和马来眼子菜(Potomogeton malaianus)2种沉水植物生长的影响.为期10周的实验发现,有沉积物再悬浮的处理组中,苦草的生物量显著低于对照组中(没有沉积物再悬浮)苦草的生物量;同样,沉积物再悬浮对苦草的分蘖和块茎数也产生了明显的影响;马来眼子菜的生物量和分蘖数同样受到了沉积物再悬浮的影响,但影响程度小于苦草.因此,沉积物再悬浮对沉水植物的生长、繁殖具有的抑制作用,但这种作用因种类不同而有所差异.     

Algae mediate submerged macrophyte response to nutrient and dissolved inorganic carbon loading: A mesocosm study on different species

Nutrient and dissolved inorganic carbon are two important factors that influence the development and species composition of submerged macrophyte communities in shallow lake ecosystems. Yet little is known about their potential interactive effects on the submerged macrophytes and competition outcome of macrophyte–phytoplankton. We performed a mesocosm experiment to investigate the growth and photosynthetic performance of three submerged macrophytes in relation to phytoplankton/epiphyton with nutrient and bicarbonate enrichment. During the experimental period (42 d), increase in nutrient loading in water column resulted in a substantial burst of phytoplankton and epiphyton growth and increased light attenuation. When combined with nutrient loading, bicarbonate enrichment also resulted in a heavily phytoplankton- and epiphyton-dominated state, although bicarbonate enrichment per se does not cause the phytoplankton and epiphyton growth. However, increase in nutrient loading in water column had significant negative impact on individual performances (growth and photosynthesis) of the three submerged macrophytes and bicarbonate enrichment increased the effect of eutrophication on two dissected-leaf macrophytes (M. spicatum and E. nuttallii). Furthermore, our results also suggest that species-specific photosynthetic performances occurred when submerged macrophytes in an environment with high abundance of phytoplankton/epiphyton. This study highlighted that increase in nutrient loading and bicarbonate in water column is likely to interactively impact both abiotic and biotic properties of a freshwater ecosystem. The interactions of these two factors could select macrophyte species that are able to resist the shading from phytoplankton/epiphyton, making these species more dominant in natural freshwater ecosystems.     

沉水植物苦草的营养成分分析与综合利用

沉水植物苦草的营养成分分析结果表明,其蛋白质含量为218.4 g.kg-1,脂肪含量为51.4 g.kg-1,多糖含量为37.6 g.kg-1,灰分含量为265.7 g.kg-1;氨基酸总量为147.6 g.kg-1(色氨酸未测),必需氨基酸为55.0g.kg-1;含有K、Ca、Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn、Na、A l、Ba等多种矿质元素,其中K、Ca、Fe、Na含量分别高达60.5、10.9、16.3、12.7 g.kg-1。可见苦草是一种优质的营养资源,具有很高的开发价值。在此基础上,进一步探讨了苦草的资源化利用方式和应用前景。     

沉水植物对沉积物中磷赋存形态影响的初步研究

采用磷的分级方法研究苦草移植后生长过程中沉积物不同的磷赋存形态(NH4Cl-P, BD-P, NaOH-P和HCl-P)以及总磷的变化,同时结合野外人工恢复的水草区域采样的结果,进一步分析了野外条件下沉水植物狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum L.)对磷赋存形态的影响,结果表明,沉水植物能够有效的降低沉积物中磷的含量,而且水生植物对磷的不同赋存形态的影响并不相同,其中,BD-P是受沉水植物影响最为明显的磷赋存形态.