城市群竞争与共生的时空机理分析

城市群演化是一个竞争与共生相互作用的过程，竞争是指在城市群内的各个城市在共同发展中为获取有利的发展地位和发展条件而进行的角逐，而共生是指群体发展中的统一规划和相互依存、相互支持的关系。城市共生关系的根本内涵和特征是空间上的临近性、时间上的长期性、功能上的分工互补性、个体之间的差异依赖性以及作用关系的支持协调性。依据系统论的原理，提出竞争与共生作用可以划分为弱竞争弱共生、强竞争弱共生、强竞争强共生、弱竞争强共生4个发展阶段，并呈现周期性特征，这从城市与区域的演化中都找到了实证。并将城市群竞争共生作用划分为群内竞争与共生、群外竞争与共生、群内竞争与群外共生、群外竞争与群内竞争4个空间作用层面，初步总结出竞争共生作用的一般模式。     

Philopatry, male presence and grooming reciprocation among female primates: a comparative perspective

Competition for food and a safe location in a group are considered to be the main determinants of variation in social relationships among female primates. The effect of the presence of males is usually overlooked, however. Here we put forward two hypotheses connecting the (relative) number of males in a group, a statistic measuring the strength of positive relationships among females (the degree of reciprocity of grooming) and female residence. Under the first hypothesis, we assumed that philopatric females suffer especially from competition for males. Because females of these species are restrained to their native group and thus do not move to groups where better conditions (i.e. more males) prevail, a higher socionomic sex ratio would imply reduced competition and this should be reflected in better relationships among females (i.e. in a higher degree of reciprocation). The second hypothesis is based on the contention of Wrangham (1987) that groups with more males are better able to defend large food sources: in these groups female relationships would suffer less from within-group competition for food. We therefore also expected a positive correlation between the absolute number of males and grooming reciprocation. To test the hypotheses, matrices of grooming interactions were collected by going through the primatological literature. For ten female-resident and four female-transfer primate species, the degree of grooming reciprocation was quantified using a specially adapted matrix statistic. The results favoured the first (competition for males) hypothesis. The degree of grooming reciprocation among females was positively correlated with socionomic sex ratio, but neither with group size nor with the absolute number of males. Correlations between the degree of reciprocity and sex ratio were confirmed at three levels: within the same group at different points in time, between groups of the same species, and between species. In addition, the degree of reciprocation increased with sex ratio more strongly in typical single/variable male than in multi-male species. This we interpreted as a direct consequence of the lower social availability of males for females in multi-male groups than single-male groups. In turn, this effect may be due to males competing for females in multi-male groups. Received: 28 May 1997 / Accepted after revision: 9 November 1997     

Waste Management in the European Union: National Self-Sufficiency and Harmonization at the Expense of Economic Efficiency?

/ Since 1975, the European Union (EU) has developed an impressive body of waste management legislation, although, according to the principle of subsidiarity, responsibilities belong to the most local level at which the tasks can be carried out effectively. Using economic theory, this paper examines several factors that influence the efficient distribution of regulatory authority among the EU and the member states. We specifically analyze the role of harmonization that, in our opinion, will often lead to an overcentralization. Within this context, a second issue is becoming more important, as ongoing discussions show. If no consensus can be reached about harmonization, should member states be allowed to stop cross-border shipments of waste, or should the EU strive for a common market for waste? We take the position that most objections against waste shipments are not convincing, especially if the member states implement minimum standards for landfills and waste processing facilities and common information and control systems. Competition between different national regulations within adequate constraints that, e.g., control transboundary externalities leads to more efficient waste management structures in Europe than national self-sufficiency or centralized decision-making at the EU level. KEY WORDS: Waste management; European Union; Subsidiarity; Institutional competition; Harmonization; Cross-border shipments of waste     

Sex-specific maternal effect on egg mass,laying order,and sibling competition in the Bengalese finch (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lonchura striata</Emphasis> var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">domestica</Emphasis>)

Maternal effects, such as investment in eggs, have profound effects on offspring fitness. Mothers are expected to skew their investment depending on the laying order and sex when unequal sibling competition occurs within a brood because of sex-specific vulnerability and age hierarchy caused by asynchronous hatching. The Bengalese finch hatches asynchronously and shows a moderate reversed sexual size dimorphism. However, contrary to commonly accepted assumptions of size-dependent vulnerability, the smaller sex (male) is more vulnerable to developmental stress caused by sibling competition. We investigated whether maternal investment would be biased by the position in laying order and the sex of eggs, and also explored the possible differences in growth patterns depending on sex, laying order, and age hierarchy by observing chicks fostered to experimentally manipulated broods where brood composition was controlled and age hierarchy was more enhanced than in natural breeding conditions. We found that overall patterns of maternal investment favored the disadvantageous sectors of sibling competition, i.e., eggs of later laying order and sons over those of early laying order and daughters. We also examined the effect of laying order on adult body size and sex differences in growth patterns. When reared in the subordinate age hierarchy, females could compensate for the deficit of decreased growth rate by taking longer to mature, whereas males could not. We suggest that this sex-specific growth pattern could be the cause of sex differences in vulnerability to early developmental stress.     

黄土丘陵区枣农复合系统土壤水分利用与竞争

探明黄土丘陵区农林复合系统植物土壤水分利用策略对评价其配置合理性与可持续性具有重要意义。论文以黄土丘陵区枣农（枣树+农作物）复合系统为对象,测定不同生育期植物木质部水和土壤水氧稳定同位素比率（δ¹⁸O）,利用IsoSource模型分析了复合系统中枣树与间作农作物（黄花菜和饲料油菜）土壤水分利用策略,判断两种复合系统作物间是否发生水分竞争。结果表明：枣树各时期对表层（0~20 cm）土壤水利用较少,在旱季主要使用中层（20~60 cm）和深层（60~200 cm）土壤水,雨季有显著降雨后主要利用中层土壤水。黄花菜、饲料油菜在旱季对低雨量有效降雨反应灵敏,但其仍主要利用中层土壤水,雨季显著降雨后两者对表层土壤水利用比例显著增加。总之枣树与黄花菜和饲料油菜土壤水分利用策略存在明显区别,但在较为干旱的5月和7月对中层和深层土壤水存在明显竞争。因此可在枣树株间修建深度为40 cm肥水坑,增加中层和深层土壤含水量,促进枣树根系向下生长,缓解水分竞争对枣树生长和产量造成的不利影响。     

利用SPR技术测定湖水中微囊藻毒素

利用表面等离子共振(SPR)技术,建立了快速定量检测湖水中微囊藻毒素LR(MC-LR)的方法.将MC-LR共价偶联到表面等离子共振芯片表面,检测了芯片的稳定性,并利用免疫竞争抑制原理构建标准曲线,对湖水样品进行了检测.结果表明:制备的芯片信号稳定,50个循环相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.62%;该方法的最低检测浓度为0.25ng/mL,可作为水体中MC-LR的分析检测方法.     

再生水补充景观水体中藻类的生长比较

以太原市污水净化二厂二级出水作为景观水体补水水源,比较了以再生水为培养基的小球藻、斜生栅藻、鱼腥藻和针杆藻的生长情况,利用Logistic对数形式模型拟合了藻类在纯培养和共培养条件下的生长曲线.结果表明,在纯培养和共培养条件下,4种藻类的生长情况均为小球藻>斜生栅藻>鱼腥藻>针杆藻.其中,针杆藻的竞争能力较差;鱼腥藻虽然有较强的增殖能力,但并不处于优势地位;斜生栅藻能与小球藻形成竞争,较适宜在该水质条件下生长;小球藻具有较强的竞争优势,为该水质条件下的优势藻种.以污水二厂二级出水为景观水体补水时,应重点防止绿藻尤其小球藻的过度生长.      

The effect of perceived female parasite load on post-copulatory male choice in a sex-role-reversed pipefish

The last several decades of research in behavioral ecology have resulted in a deeper appreciation of post-mating processes and sexual conflict in sexual selection. One of the most controversial aspects of sexual selection is cryptic mate choice. Here, we take advantage of male pregnancy in a sex-role-reversed pipefish (Syngnathus typhle) to quantify cryptic choice based on perceived parasite load and other sources of variance in female fitness. Studies have shown that S. typhle males preferentially mate with females with lower parasite loads and that a male’s perception of female parasite load can be altered by tattooing females. We manipulated the apparent parasite load of females in controlled mating experiments to test the hypothesis that post-copulatory sexual selection is dependent on a male’s perception of female parasite load in pipefish. Our results provided no evidence for cryptic male choice based on perceived female parasite load. However, we found evidence that eggs from larger females were more likely to result in viable offspring than eggs from smaller females and that the first female to mate with a male transferred more eggs per copulation on average. Overall, our results show that potential for post-copulatory sexual selection does exist in pipefish, but the male’s perception of female parasite load does not play a major role in this process.     

Losers in the ‘Rock-Paper-Scissors’ game: The role of non-hierarchical competition and chaos as biodiversity sustaining agents in aquatic systems

Processes occurring within small areas (patch-scale) that influence species richness and spatial heterogeneity of larger areas (landscape-scale) have long been an interest of ecologists. This research focused on the role of patch-scale deterministic chaos arising in phytoplankton assemblages characteristic of “Rock-Paper-Scissors” population dynamics (i.e., competitively non-hierarchical). We employed a simple 2-patch model configuration with lateral mixing and through-flow, and tested the robustness of species richness at the scale of the landscape and spatial heterogeneity. Three different assemblages were used that in a dimensionless box model configuration exhibited chaotic behavior. Our results showed that when a spatial dimension was added to the model configuration, and when all species were shared between patches (i.e., no invading populations), chaos-induced species richness and spatial heterogeneity were quickly reduced with the onset of mixing. While assemblages in each patch were comprised of exactly the same species, they differed in their proportional population densities due to differing stages of succession and the incidence of alternative assemblage structures. Even at very low mixing rates (0.001 d⁻¹), which produced low passive migration rates (0.1% of the total biomass per day), the incidence of high richness and heterogeneity decreased by ∼80%. Interestingly, this sensitivity was not the same for the three assemblages tested. Declines in species richness and spatial heterogeneity associated with mixing were greater in assemblages comprised of competitively dissimilar species (based on the area occupied in the resource-tradeoff space defined by the R* model). The underlying mechanisms may involve the degree to which nutrient dynamics are altered with the arrival of immigrants. Our findings suggest that in partially to well-mixed aquatic systems, the roles of patch-scale non-hierarchical competition and chaos as factors maintaining species richness and spatial heterogeneity may be limited. However, in aquatic systems that experience periods of very low mixing, or even disconnection, non-hierarchical competition and chaos might indeed contribute significantly to biodiversity.     

A dynamic programming implemented resource competition game theoretic model

Resource competition is commonly occurred in animal populations and studied intensively by researchers. Previous studies have applied game theoretic model by finding Nash equilibrium to investigate this phenomenon. However computation of the Nash equilibrium requires an understanding of the payoff matrix that allocates the rewards received by players when they adopt each of the strategies in the game. In our study we present a dynamic programming implemented framework to compute 2 × 2 intraspecific finite resource allocation game's payoff matrix explicitly. We assume that two distinct types of individuals, aggressive and non-aggressive, are in the population. Then we divide the entire animal development period into three different stages: initialization, quasilinear growth and termination. Each stage for each type of players is specified with their own development coefficient, which determines how resource consumption could convert into strength as reward. Each player has equal and finite resource at the beginning of their development and fights against other players in the population to maximize its own potential reward. Based on these assumptions it is reasonable to use backward induction dynamic programming to compute payoff matrix. We present numerical examples for three different types of aggressive individuals and compute the payoff matrices correspondingly. Then we use the derived payoff matrices to determine the Nash equilibrium and Evolutionary Stable Strategy. Our research provide a framework for future quantitative studies on animal resource competition problems and could be expanded to n-players interspecific stochastic asymmetric resource allocation problem by changing some settings of dynamic programming formulation.