极端降水过程对岩口水库入库溪流污染负荷的影响及其对策

以岩口水库小流域为研究对象,通过监测2019年和2020年2次台风降水过程中入库河流氮磷通量变化,解析了极端降水事件对入库河流及下游库区污染负荷的影响,并评估极端降水条件下外源输入对库区水质污染的贡献。结果表明,降水历时和强度存在明显差异的两场暴雨全过程均可划分为4个典型阶段,即局部产流期、全流域产流期、水量消退期和流域恢复期。其中以全流域产流期(第Ⅱ阶段)污染负荷最重,输送了整个阶段50%以上的总磷负荷,且污染负荷的增长倍数与降水强度呈显著正相关。与降水前相比,台风“利奇马”和“黑格比”两场降水过程对下游岩口水库的入库总氮污染负荷分别增加了880 kg 和419 kg,总磷污染负荷分别增加了110 kg 和23 kg,而且增加的总氮以溶解态为主,总磷以颗粒态为主,说明地表径流冲刷导致河流中汇入了大量的面源污染负荷。本研究证实了极端降水事件,尤其是全流域产流阶段的降水会显著加剧流域面源对下游库区的污染贡献,建议采取合理的滞蓄、沉淀和净化等策略对地表径流污染负荷进行削减以降低下游库区水质污染风险。     

Phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in tropical coastal soils I. selection of promising woody plants

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: This glasshouse study is aimed at evaluating tropical plants for phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated saline sandy subsurface soils. Tropical plants were selected for their ability to tolerate high salinity and remove No. 2 diesel fuel in coastal topsoil prior to further investigation of the phytoremediation feasibility in deep contaminated soils. The residual petroleum-hydrocarbon contaminant at the John Rogers Tank Farm site, a former petroleum storage facility, at Hickam Air Force Base, Honolulu, Hawaii, is located in a coastal area. It lies below a layer of silt in the subsurface, in loamy sand characterized by moderate salinity and high pH. Little is known regarding the ability of tropical plants to remediate petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated subsurface soil in Hawaiian and other Pacific Island ecosystems although suitable plants have been identified and utilized for bioremediation in surface soil or marine sediments. METHODS: The experiments were conducted in long narrow pots under glasshouse conditions in two phases. A preliminary experiment was done with nine tropical plants: kiawe (Prosopis pallida), milo (Thespesia populnea), common ironwood (Casuarina equisetifolia), kou (Cordia subcordata), tropical coral tree (Erythrina variegata), false sandalwood (Myoporum sandwicense), beach naupaka (Scaevola sericea), oleander (Nerium oleander), and buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris). These plants were screened for resistance to high salinity treatment (2% NaCl) and two diesel fuel levels (5 and 10 g No. 2 diesel fuel/kg soil) in separate treatments. Plants that showed good tolerance of both factors were further evaluated in a second phase for their efficacy in the phytoremediation of diesel-fuel petroleum hydrocarbons under moderate salinity treatment (1% NaCl). RESULTS: Tropical coral tree and buffelgrass were susceptible to either 2% NaCl or diesel fuel at 10 g/kg soil, but tolerant of diesel fuel at 5 g/kg soil. Kiawe, milo, kou, common ironwood, N. oleander, beach naupaka and false sandalwood were tolerant of high salinity (2% NaCl) or high diesel fuel level (10 g/kg soil). These seven plants were also tolerant of the combined adverse effects of a moderate salinity (1% NaCl) and 10 g diesel fuel/kg soil. Three trees, kiawe, milo and kou significantly accelerated the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in the soil spiked with 10 g diesel fuel/kg soil under a moderate salinity treatment (1% NaCl). CONCLUSION: Thus the tropical woody plants, kiawe, milo and kou showed potential for use in phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in coastal tropical soils. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: Two fast growing trees, milo and kou, appeared promising for further phytoremediation evaluation in experiments that simulate the soil profile at the field site.     

降雨入渗与地表径流污染减量模拟试验研究

针对造成水体污染的城市降雨地表径流问题,建立模拟降雨系统,选用聚合物与功能材料,改良土壤结构,提高土壤对雨水的渗透性,削减地表径流及径流携带污染物对纳污水体的污染.结果表明,复合施用PAM与沸石使降雨径流过流体土壤结构被改良,对降雨径流的削减作用明显,对土壤的降水渗透有显著的促进.数据表明,沸石与PAM配施对削减降雨地表径流与提高降雨土壤入渗的效果有协同作用.在36、72和108 mm/h不同降雨强度下,处理土壤水的入渗较对照分别提高了35%～76%、32%～66%和18%～47%,降雨后土壤的含水量较对照可提高1～5倍.     

自然沟渠控制村镇降雨径流中氮磷污染的主要作用机制

以四川盆地紫色丘陵区林山村镇为例,分析降雨径流过程中氮磷在自然沟渠内的空间变化特征和不同控制机制的净化能力,研究了自然沟渠控制村镇降雨径流中氮磷的主要作用机制.研究结果表明,除NO3--N浓度在沿程上呈先减后增而后再减的趋势外,其它氮磷污染物(TN、PN、NH4+-N、TP、PP和PO43-·P)均为沿程递减趋势.溶解态氮是降雨径流氮素在空间沿程上的主要迁移形态,溶解态磷是流量限制型事件降雨径流磷紊空间沿程的主要迁移形态,而颗粒态磷是物质限制型事件降雨径流磷素空间沿程的主要迁移形态.泥沙截控固持是自然沟渠控制降雨径流氮磷污染的主要作用机制,有效降低径流中颗粒物浓度和拦截泥沙是控制降雨径流氮磷污染的关键.沉降段和沉沙凼具有明显的泥沙及颗粒态氮磷截控固持作用,可较好地去除村镇降雨径流中的氮磷颗粒态污染物,平均氮磷去除量分别为144.51、65.20 g·m-2(平均雨量37.85mm).植物吸收是植被段氮磷去除的重要途径,在雨季共吸收氮磷分别可达82.69、12.52 g·m-2.跌落曝氧也是降雨径流氮磷污染控制的重要作用机制,跌落段对NH4+-N的平均去除负荷为15.05 g·m-2.     

ACCUMULATION OF SELECTED TRACE METALS IN SOILS OF URBAN RUNOFF DETENTION BASINS1

ABSTRACT Field investigations were conducted at three sites in the Washington, D.C., area to detect accumulation patterns of the trace metals, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in the soils of urban stormwater detention basins. The research results seemed to indicate that the use of detention basins to control urban stormwater runoff had few harmful effects to fine textured soils with respect to the study trace metals. Although the trace metals, especially lead and zinc, were found to accumulate in the surface soils of the basins, little significant downward movement of metals in the soil profiles had occurred. Accumulations of metals in the surface soils appeared to be a function of microtopography and the resultant residence time of standing water. The fractions of trace metals that were present in a leachable form in surface soils and stormwater solids were small, with median values ranging from 7.7 percent of the total concentration for Cd to 0.01 percent for Pb.     

MEASURED AND CREAMS-PREDICTED NITROGEN LOSSES FROM TOMATO AND CORN MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS1

Nitrogen runoff and leaching losses from two tomato and four corn field plots were compared to model predictions by CREAMS, a field-scale model for Chemicals, Runoff, and Erosion from Agricultural Management Systems. The tomato treatments were (1) trickle irrigation with one-half of applied N at preplant and one-half of applied N through the trickle irrigation system and (2) overhead sprinkler irrigation with one-half of applied N at preplant and one-half of applied N in two equal sidedressings. The corn treatments consisted of multiple N applications, minimum tillage, and “conventional” management. Soil type appeared to influence the ability of CREAMS to predict seasonal trends and treatment influences. Model predictions for N losses from tomato and corn treatments that were located on sandy soils often disagreed with measured values. Treatment influences and seasonal trends for N losses from corn treatments that were located on a higher clay content soil were more satisfactorily predicted by CREAMS. Even though model input parameter estimation and measurement techniques may be imperfect, the simulation ability of CREAMS for predicting N leaching losses from systems on deep sands probably needs to be improved. Sensitivity analyses indicated that annual NC₃^?-N leaching loss predictions were either minimally or not affected by changes in saturated hydraulic conductivity. Input estimations of the fraction of soil pore space filled at field capacity and soil organic matter were inversely related to annual NO₃^?-N leaching losses, while potential mineralizable N was directly related to yearly N leaching losses.     

USING LANDSAT DATA TO CLASSIFY LAND USE FOR ASSESSING THE BASINWIDE RUNOFF INDEX1

Remote sensing data in the form of Landsat computer compatible tapes (CCT) was used to determine land use and land cover as an aid in hydrologic studies that were used to estimated a basinwide runoff index. With the use of the General Electric Image 100 multispectral image processing system in conjunction with the Earth Resources Laboratory Application Software (ELAS), CCT's on February 9, 1976, were analyzed by spectral differences to determine unique land use conditions within the Econlockhatchee (Econ) River Basin, Florida. The result showed that the Landsat data can be successfully used to monitor the USGS land use Level 1. An advantage of using the Landsat data for land use classification is that new data are periodically available for updating the land use information. The Soil Conservation Service curve number was used to establish a basinwide runoff index which includes a prime variable of land use changes with the time. The basinwide runoff index in 1972 (with USGS 1972 Land Use maps) was similar to the one in 1976 (with Landsat data dated February 9, 1976). This implies that the runoff from the entire Econ Basin was not noticeably changed during the period of 1972 and 1976.     

HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OF THE FLOOD ABATEMENT PROGRAM IN SOUTHWESTERN OKLAHOMA1

ABSTRACT: Winter Creek is a tributary of the Washita River in south-western Oklahoma. The Soil Conservation Service installed floodwater retarding structures which controlled runoff from 56 percent of a 33-square-mile (8550-hectare) gaged drainage area. Application of a hydrologic model to the flood peaks indicated that the structural treatment reduced the flood peaks an average of 61 percent. The Winter Creek channel has narrowed and deepened since the structural treatment was applied. The severe bank erosion occurring before treatment has been arrested and sediment yield from the watershed has been reduced 50 to 60 percent. In some reaches of the channel there has been a dense growth of trees in recent years.     

REFORESTATION WITH CONIFERS - ITS EFFECT ON STREAMFLOW IN CENTRAL NEW YORK1

During the early 1930's, more than 340,000 acres of abandoned farmland in New York State were purchased by the State Conservation Department for the planting, growing, and harvesting of trees. Since then, this land has developed from a heavy cover of weeds and brush into dense coniferous woodlands with trees averaging well over 30 feet high. Hydrologic data have been collected since 1932 in Central New York to determine the effect of the reforestation on streamflow. Data are available for three small partly reforested areas and for one non-reforested control area. Intensive statistical analyses of the data from the four study areas were made in 1958. It was determined at that time that significant reductions in total runoff had occurred which were attributed to increases in interception and transpiration. Reductions in peak discharges during the dormant season also were indicated which were attributed to increased interception and sublimation of snowfall, and gradual desynchronization of snowmelt runoff from the wooded and open areas of partly reforested watersheds. Updating of the studies relating to peak discharges was completed in 1967 and indicated that no further changes in relative peaks had taken place since 1958. From this it is concluded that the influence exerted by the forest had become maximum by 1958 and has remained stable since then.