Modeling Parent and Metabolite Fate and Transport in Subsurface Drained Fields With Directly Connected Macropores1

Abstract: Few studies exist that evaluate or apply pesticide transport models based on measured parent and metabolite concentrations in fields with subsurface drainage. Furthermore, recent research suggests pesticide transport through exceedingly efficient direct connections, which occur when macropores are hydrologically connected to subsurface drains, but this connectivity has been simulated at only one field site in Allen County, Indiana. This research evaluates the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) in simulating the transport of a parent compound and its metabolite at two subsurface drained field sites. Previous research used one of the field sites to test the original modification of the RZWQM to simulate directly connected macropores for bromide and the parent compound, but not for the metabolite. This research will evaluate RZWQM for parent/metabolite transformation and transport at this first field site, along with evaluating the model at an additional field site to evaluate whether the parameters for direct connectivity are transferable and whether model performance is consistent for the two field sites with unique soil, hydrologic, and environmental conditions. Isoxaflutole, the active ingredient in BALANCE^® herbicide, was applied to both fields. Isoxaflutole rapidly degrades into a metabolite (RPA 202248). This research used calibrated RZWQM models for each field based on observed subsurface drain flow and/or edge of field conservative tracer concentrations in subsurface flow. The calibrated models for both field sites required a portion (approximately 2% but this fraction may require calibration) of the available water and chemical in macropore flow to be routed directly into the subsurface drains to simulate peak concentrations in edge of field subsurface drain flow shortly after chemical applications. Confirming the results from the first field site, the existing modification for directly connected macropores continually failed to predict pesticide concentrations on the recession limbs of drainage hydrographs, suggesting that the current strategy only partially accounts for direct connectivity. Thirty‐year distributions of annual mass (drainage) loss of parent and metabolite in terms of percent of isoxaflutole applied suggested annual simulated percent losses of parent and metabolite (3.04 and 1.31%) no greater in drainage than losses in runoff on nondrained fields as reported in the literature.     

农村生活污水治理措施

介绍了适合于国内农村生活污水治理的一些技术与措施。沼气技术是当前处理农村生活污水的较佳选择。     

石臼漾人工湿地冬夏季全程氨氧化微生物的分布、群落结构及其影响因素研究

湿地作为水体与陆地之间的过渡地带,具有独特的生态环境特性,是氮循环反应的关键区域.研究湿地生态系统中的全程氨氧化过程（complete ammonia oxidation,comammox）,解析该区域中comammox细菌的分布与群落结构特征,补充了此前该新型氨氧化微生物在湿地生态系统中分布特征的研究空白,对于完善comammox细菌在各种不同生态系统中分布情况的研究具有重要意义.本研究在石臼漾人工湿地中于冬夏两季分别采集了大沟中心、大沟边缘、小沟中心和小沟边缘的表层沉积物样品,利用PCR、荧光定量PCR和amoA功能基因高通量测序等方法,解析人工湿地中comammox细菌的时空分布与群落结构特征.主要研究结果如下：①所有样品中均检测到了comammox细菌,其丰度为1.77×10⁵~4.07×10⁷ copies·g^-1.冬季,comammox细菌丰度在大沟中高于氨氧化细菌（ammonia oxidizing bacteria,AOB）和氨氧化古菌（ammonia oxidizing archaea,AOA）,在小沟中高于AOB,但低于AOA;夏季,comammox细菌丰度在所有样点中均高于AOB和AOA.②冬夏两季样品中,comammox细菌丰度与底物NH₄⁺-N浓度均呈负相关关系,且夏季样品中呈显著性负相关.③主坐标分析（Principle Coordinate Analysis,PCoA）与多样性分析结果表明,comammox细菌群落结构具有空间异质性,且冬季物种多样性高于夏季.     

Performance of different macrophytes in the decontamination of and electricity generation from swine wastewater via an integrated constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell process

Plants constitute a major element of constructed wetlands(CWs).In this study,a coupled system comprising an integrated vertical flow CW(IVCW) and a microbial fuel cell(MFC) for swine wastewater tre atment was developed to research the effects of macrophytes commonly employed in CWs,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica,on decontamination and electricity production in the system.Because of the different root types and amounts of oxygen released by the roots,the rates of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and ammonium nitrogen(NH_4~+-N) removal from the swine wastewater differed as well.In the unplanted,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica systems,the COD removal rates were 80.20%,88.07%,84.70%,and 82.20%,respectively,and the NH_4~+-N removal rates were 49.96%,75.02%,70.25%,and 68.47%,respectively.The decontamination capability of the Canna indica system was better than those of the other systems.The average output voltages were 520±42,715±20,660±27,and 752±26 mV for the unplanted,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica systems,respectively,and the maximum power densities were 0.2230,0.4136,0.3614,and0.4964 W/m~3,respectively.Ipomoea aquatica had the largest effect on bioelectricity generation promotion.In addition,electrochemically active bacteria,Geobacter and Desulfuromonas,were detected in the anodic biofilm by high-throughput sequencing analysis,and Comamonas(Proteobacteria),which is widely found in MFCs,was also detected in the anodic biofilm.These results confirmed the important role of plants in IVCW-MFCs.     

腾冲县北海湿地自然保护区生态旅游开发初探

充分利用自然保护区的旅游资源优势发展旅游业，但不合理的开发会使生态环境遭到破坏、生物多样性逐渐丧失、湿地水质面临污染等等。在分析腾冲北海湿地自然保护区发展生态旅游的基础上对旅游开发中存在的问题提出对策和建议。     

人工湿地污水处理系统的蛭石缓冲单元及缓冲能力生物再生研究

针对当前人工湿地污水处理中普遍存在的冬季处理效果差等问题,研究了在处理系统中构建天然蛭石缓冲单元及其吸附饱和后进行生物再生的可行性.结果表明,在水力负荷为1.4 m3·m-2·d-1(COD:150～350mg·L-1、NH 4-N:10～30 mg·L-1、TP:1.0～4.5 mg·L-1)和蛭石层填充高度≥60cm的条件下,无植物天然蛭石缓冲单元可至少在45d内保持出水各项水质指标达到一级排放标准(GB 18918-2002),从而可基本满足人工湿地在植物换季时期的处理需要,而且,增加系统含氧量和蛭石用量可提高体系缓冲性能.在夏秋季温度较高的条件下(25～30℃),利用微生物的硝化与反硝化作用和植物根系的吸收与复氧功能,可有效提高蛭石再吸附的能力,其中有植物的湿地单元90d后蛭石吸附容量的再生率可达88.2%～91.3%,生物再生过程的动力学方程符合指数关系,植物种类、干湿交替时间和碳源对蛭石生物再生过程有较为显著的影响.     

盐城湿地大米草对有机污染物净化的研究

盐城沿海湿地大米草(Spartina anglica)不仅是潮间带脆弱光滩环境促淤、护岸等方面的先锋植物,而且也是该区水环境挥发酚类等有机污染物净化的先锋植物。实验结果显示大米草叶面对水中的有机酚具有良好的吸附作用。在静水、避光(夜晚)条件下,大米草对苯酚的吸附过程符合Freundlich吸附规律:q=1.3×10-8C0.08314;同时,大米草种群密度、淹水深度、水流紊动与苯酚的浓度等也影响其对苯酚吸附净化。在光照(白天)条件下。大米草对苯酚又具有光催化降解功能,在同等条件下,与夜晚相比,阴天、晴天光辐射2h后大米草对苯酚的去除率分别可提高9.3和12.8倍。     

20世纪80年代以来挠力河流域湿地景观变化过程研究

挠力河流域面积为241.67×104hm₂。其自然条件决定了该流域具有极丰富的湿地生物多样性。从1980年以来,由于经济的快速发展,该流域湿地景观和土地利用发生了显著的变化。自然湿地资源从1982年的53.32×104hm₂变成2000年的17.17×104hm₂,减少了67.8%;而水田面积却增加了38.5倍,同时,旱田面积也大幅度增加。该文利用遥感和GIS技术,对近20年来该流域湿地景观变化过程进行时空定量分析;并结合流域土地利用/土地覆盖类型的动态变化,探讨流域在经济快速发展中土地利用与湿地之间的演化规律及其对湿地的影响机制。     

河南省黄河湿地生态旅游资源的开发与保护研究

河南黄河湿地旅游资源丰富,有各具特色的湿地景观、复杂多样的生物景观、丰富的地文景观、悠久的历史人文景观和工程园林景观等多种景观类型;但目前存在着开发利用程度较低,市场营销不够、景点开发质量不高,旅游设备简陋、基础设施落后,景点少、点热面冷,人才缺乏、经营管理水平低等众多问题;最后从旅游功能分区、旅游开发、旅游管理、旅游线路设计、旅游环境监测、区域旅游联合、加大宣传力度等方面提出了河南黄河湿地生态旅游资源开发的对策.     

人工湿地的发展概况和面临的问题

人工湿地是近年来发展的一种新型污水处理技术。主要介绍了人工湿地的几种主要构建类型:表面流型人工湿地、潜流型人工湿地、垂直流型人工湿地和复合垂直流人工湿地,并分别指出它们的优缺点。同时简要阐述了人工湿地去除污染物质的机理。