生态足迹在可持续性定量测度中的应用--以湖南省2000年为例

可持续发展定量测度的核心是确定人类是否生存于生态系统的承载力范围之内。E.R.William和M．Wackernagel于1992年提出并发展的生态足迹方法,就是一种定量测量人类对自然利用程度的新方法,它是一组基于土地面积的量化指标。通过跟踪区域的能源和资源消费,将它们转化为提供这种物质流所必须的各种生物生产型土地类型的面积,并与区域能提供的生物生产型土地面积进行比较,能定量判断一个区域的发展是否处于生态承载能力的范围内。该模型具有概念形象性、内涵丰富性以及实现对生态目标测度和较强的可操作性等特点。介绍了生态足迹的概念及生态足迹计算模型,在此基础上,对湖南省2000年的生态足迹进行了实证计算与分析,结果表明2000年湖南省人均生态赤字为0.532 4 hm2。最后,还对生态足迹理论进行了简要的评述。     

Emission Inventories of Carbon-containing Greenhouse Gases in China and Technological Measures for Their Abatement

The report summarizes surveys on carbon inventories and initiatives on sustainable carbon cycling taken by the Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, where the authors work/worked. The first part of the report, which appeared in the preceding issue of this journal, deals with the concept of sustainable carbon cycling, the historic evolution of carbon cycling processes in China, carbon pool enhancement, value addition, carbon sequestration and carbon balance. This very paper, as the second part of the report, covers the results of carbon dynamics modeling, emission inventories of various carbon-containing greenhouse gases and their potential abatement measures.     

Study on Sustainable Development in Vulnerable Eco-areas

The vulnerable eco-area is one of the important research targets in the field of sustainable development. It is the requirement of building a well-off society in an all-round way that we should study more on the vulnerable eco-areas, deal with the relationship between environmental protection and economic development, speed up the economic development in these areas and increase the living standard of the local people. This paper puts forward the countermeasures of environment---economy coordination, on the basis of the recognition of eco-environment features and social economic conditions in the vulnerable eco-areas of China, in view of the progress in sustainable development studies of the vulnerable ones, taking the transitional areas of farming and pasturing in northeast China as an example to study the regional environment vulnerability.     

江苏省生态足迹分析与可持续发展研究

生态足迹是定量研究区域可持续发展的一种重要方法。目前将生态足迹用于不同时间序列分析,以描述区域可持续发展状况的研究仅初始于不多的国外研究机构。通过对江苏省10年间生态足迹变化情况进行纵向比较分析,来考虑人类及其发展与生态环境的关系,衡量在人类开发强度较大的江苏省,区域生态供给功能是否能满足开发和消费的需要,量化江苏经济发展对生态环境影响的程度,证实了研究区域江苏省的严峻形势。同时与目前国内外已有的生态足迹研究成果比较,概述江苏省生态足迹赤字产生的原因。     

Corporations,Consumerism and Culpability: Sustainability in the British Press

Sustainability and sustainable development are prominent themes in international policy-making, corporate PR, news-media and academic scholarship. Its definitions are contested, however sustainability is associated with a three-pillar focus on economic development, environmental conservation and social justice, most recently espoused in the adoption of the UN Sustainable Development Goals in 2015. In spite of its common usage, there is little research about how sustainability is represented and refracted in public discourse in different national contexts. We examine British national press coverage of sustainability and sustainable development in 2015 in a cross-market sample of national newspapers. Our findings show that key international policy events and environmental and social justice frames are peripheral, while neoliberalism and neoliberal environmentalism vis-à-vis the promotion of technocratic solutions, corporate social responsibility and “sustainable” consumerism are the predominant frames through which the British news-media reports sustainability. This holds regardless of newspaper quality and ideological orientation.     

A FRAMEWORK FOR PROCESS INDICATORS TO MONITOR FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: PRACTICE TO AN URBAN WATER SYSTEM

Although very often used, the concept of sustainable development has not yet been perceived pragmatically. Due to its process nature, in this paper, we argue that sustainable development is a process in which the essential feedback loops, or Viability Loops as we name them, in the system in question are kept healthy and functional. This process deals with evolutionary changes with the end point not known in advance. According to this perception, measurement of sustainable development does not make sense. Rather, we should look for the process indicators to monitor systems for sustainable development. The purpose of the paper is to develop a methodology to deal with monitoring systems for sustainable development and its practice in an urban water system. Using a system dynamics approach, the paper adopts a systemic monitoring framework based on the idea of Viability Loops to define process indicators to monitor systems for sustainable development. To illustrate the application of the framework, its practice in the urban water system of Tehran, the capital of Iran, is provided as an example. The example of the urban water supply system of Tehran is given as a case study, albeit with some unavailable data. Here, four typical viability loops are discussed. The results of this application show that the flows of informative signals are lacking. Adopting the process indicators, we can see the gaps between the public perceptions of water abundance, the costs of water provision and energy utilizations, and what is going on in the reality are getting wider. That indicates that the viability loops are not functional enough to produce effective changes to offset the reinforcing mechanisms. The sustainable development of the system is impaired due to the persistence of those reinforcing mechanisms.     

出口贸易可持续发展:理论内涵、评价模型及经验研究

在人文贸易主义价值取向逐渐兴起的背景下，对外贸易可持续发展观越来越受到关注。选择以出口贸易可持续发展作为研究对象，在对出口贸易可持续发展内涵进行理论阐释的基础上尝试建立测度一国出口贸易可持续发展水平的指标体系和评价模型，最后对中国出口贸易可持续发展水平进行经验研究。结果显示1985-2003年中国出口可持续发展水平大致呈现出曲折缓慢上升趋势，通过灰色聚类可将各年份出口贸易可持续发展水平划分为优、良、中、劣四等。在多数年份中国出口社会经济效益的获取要以同期环境质量下降和资源过度消耗作为代价，且中国出口规模的持续加速上升并未带来出口经济效益水平的提升，这主要源于出口贸易条件的恶化，因此需警惕在中国出现“贫困化出口增长”问题。     

人类承载力"K值"影响因素

人类承载力“K值”表示地球能承载人口的极限值。“K值”的影响因素的繁多以及相互间的联系使得“K值”确切数值的计算成为一项非常艰巨的任务。通过分析人类与自然的关系，探讨人类承载力的微观影响因素及其相互关系，从开放生态系统的性质讨论人类承载力的宏观影响因素。从而得出人类承载力受渐变和突变因素的结合控制。以此揭开承载和调控人类种群的机理并预测“K值”的可能发展趋势，达到避免计算“K值”确切数值而又能提出人口增长对策和可持续发展的指导意见的目的。     

国外"棕地再开发"土地利用策略及对我国的启示

棕地再开发是当代西方国家重要的城市可持续发展策略之一。本文界定了棕地的概念与特征，分析了其成因及棕地再开发的环境、社会、经济效益和广阔前景。并将棕地再开发与其他城市可持续发展战略如紧凑城市和理性增长，及城市用地改造策略如旧城更新和工业区置换进行了比较与区分，指出它在城市土地可持续发展与循环利用方面的优势。接着论述了棕地再开发策略在美国、英国及欧洲其他国家的实践情况，对其再利用模式和机制进行了归纳，这些国家制定与实施了不少环境与经济方面的宏观计划与实施细则，通过政策扶持、资金注入、税收减免、交通引导、保险保障、基建投资等途径大力支持和引导棕地再开发。最后明确了在我国实施棕地再开发策略的优势，认为要遵循“政府宏观调控、企业市场运作”的原则，推进土地循环使用，实现可持续发展和循环经济的战略目标。     

2010年奥得低地战略设想——洪水可持续管理对策之圩地多功能利用(论文摘编)

In floodplains of large rivers,more than eighty percent of the potentially inundated areas are devel-oped for agricultural use and settlement purposes by diking and cultivation measures.The fertile soils ofthe polders represent ten percent of the agricult…