An Australian perspective on rewilding

Rewilding is increasingly recognized as a conservation tool but is often context specific, which inhibits broad application. Rewilding in Australia seeks to enhance ecosystem function and promote self-sustaining ecosystems. An absence of large-bodied native herbivores means trophic rewilding in mainland Australia has focused on the restoration of functions provided by apex predators and small mammals. Because of the pervasive influence of introduced mesopredators, predator-proof fences, and establishment of populations on predator-free islands are common rewilding approaches. This sets Australian rewilding apart from most jurisdictions and provides globally relevant insights but presents challenges to restoring function to broader landscapes. Passive rewilding is of limited utility in arid zones. Although increasing habitat extent and quality in mesic coastal areas may work, it will likely be necessary to undertake active management. Because much of Australia's population is in urban areas, rewilding efforts must include urban areas to maximize effectiveness. Thus rewilding is not synonymous with wilderness and can occur over multiple scales. Rewilding efforts must recognize human effects on other species and benefit both nature and humans. Rewilding in Australia requires development of a shared vision and strategy and proof-of-concept projects to demonstrate the benefits. The repackaging of existing conservation activities as rewilding may confuse and undermine the success of rewilding programs and should be avoided. As elsewhere, rewilding in Australia should be viewed as an important conservation tool.     

基于模糊规则的社会力模型改进研究

针对社会力模型人员作用范围系数进行优化,基于模糊规则改进模型中人员作用范围,使其成为受到疏散速度、疏散人员间距共同影响的动态参数,使模型中人员可通过自身模糊经验判断实际速度、人员交互距离状态来确定心理期望作用范围。仿真结果符合真实疏散特性,证明了人员作用范围系数受人员运动状态的动态影响,并提供参考模糊规则制定原则。     

双室微生物燃料电池型BOD传感器性能

构建了双室微生物燃料电池(MFC),并应用于污水BOD的检测。优化了MFC型BOD传感器的检测条件,分析了传感器进行污水BOD检测的特征。结果表明,以A2/O污水处理工艺中厌氧段污泥进行接种,双室MFC型BOD传感器2周内完成启动,所产电流达到稳定。传感器的最佳检测条件为外接电阻500Ω,添加缓冲溶液并维持待测水样pH为7.0,添加35 mg/L的L-半胱氨酸作为吸氧剂维持阳极室厌氧环境,阴极室富氧水流量为20 mL/min。利用MFC产生的电流峰值准确检测污水水样BOD浓度,传感器检测范围为10~50 mg/L,检测时间小于3 h;利用MFC产生的电荷量准确检测污水水样BOD浓度,检测范围为10~100 mg/L,检测时间小于10 h。利用MFC电流峰值和电荷量检测污水水样BOD浓度,偏差均小于15%,传感器运行稳定,寿命较长。     

现行监测方法标准与监测技术规范中存在的问题与改进

研究与分析了现行有效的环境监测方法标准与监测技术规范,指出了一些较早颁布的环境监测方法标准如最经常使用的《水质化学需氧量的测定重铬酸盐法》(GB 11914—1989)等存在的未明确给出检出限、测定下限(即未给出方法的定性、半定量以及定量监测范围)以及使用术语不统一、不规范等问题。研究发现,《地表水和污水监测技术规范》(HJ/T 91—2002)等监测技术规范普遍存在的最大缺陷是没有引入测定下限的概念,未考虑与规定半定量区间内的监测结果报出问题。此外,这些规范也存在着术语使用不统一、不规范的现象,且对于低于检出限的监测结果应如何报出与参与统计的规定存在不一致现象。研究列举了一些存在问题的环境监测方法标准和环境监测技术规范,对其进行剖析,揭示问题,并对其下一步的修改、完善提出建议。     

Spatio-temporal ranging behaviour and its relevance to foraging strategies in wide-ranging wolverines

Conservation of carnivores in an increasingly changing environment is greatly helped by understanding the decision-making processes underlying habitat patch choice. Foraging theory may give us insight into spatio-temporal search patterns and consequent foraging decisions that carnivores make in heterogeneous and fluctuating environments. Constraints placed on central-place foragers in particular are likely to influence both foraging decisions and related spatio-temporal movement patterns. We used discrete choice models to investigate the spatio-temporal ranging behaviour of GPS collared female wolverines (Gulo gulo) with dependent cubs in south-central Norway. Activity patterns, home range use and selection for elevation were analyzed in relation to spatial and temporal covariates (daily and seasonal) and related to different foraging behaviours. In spring, wolverines showed restricted movement patterns around rendezvous sites at high elevations by day, whereas during the night animals were active at lower elevations. Over the summer, this daily pattern in intensity of use diminished and their overall selectiveness for elevation decreased as cubs grow more mobile and independent. At the onset of autumn, wolverines showed intensive use of the profitable forest-alpine tundra ecotone. We argue that reproducing wolverines deployed a foraging strategy attuned to altering their movement patterns throughout the summer to address a continuous, but diminishing, trade-off between providing both food and shelter for their offspring. Incorporating spatially and temporally explicit activity patterns and home range use in discrete choice resource selection models thus enhances the understanding of the motives behind wolverine resource utilization in space and time. Such knowledge may provide guidance to managers designing regional-scale zoning, in order to facilitate carnivore recovery and to minimize conflicts with human activities.     

基于变异性范围法（RVA）的河流生态流量估算

河流生态系统的生物组成、结构和功能依赖于河流水流的天然动态变化特征,即河流水文情势。变异性范围法（Range of Variability Approach,RAV）被广泛应用于评估河流生态系统是否得到维护。将RVA法的思路扩展到生态流量的计算,提出了一种简便、立足整体河流水文情势的生态流量估算方法。该方法使用均值与RVA阈值差计算了生态流量值,为维持河流健康生态系统提供支持。将该方法应用于南水北调西线一期工程中泥曲河的生态流量估算,得到引水坝址仁达处年可调径流量为6.44亿m3,与其他生态需水估算方法的结论基本一致。另提出了可支配系数反映河流流量可调用状况。南水北调西线一期工程计划从泥曲调水8亿m3·a-1,从RVA法的理念来看,该方案对仁达至朱巴河段的生态系统将构成威胁,需谨慎实施。     

焊后局部热处理的加热范围

对ASME及国内压力容器相关标准的新旧版本关于焊后局部热处理加热范围的规定进行了对比分析,指出某些标准对同类条款表达不准确,容易引起设计、制造和监检等各方争议。个别国内标准在新版中对加热宽度的规定欠妥。     

埋地原油管道油品泄漏扩散三维数值模拟

为了评估埋地原油管道泄漏的危害范围,以原油管道泄漏事故为研究对象,采用计算流体力学等理论知识,建立了埋地输油管道三维泄漏扩散过程的物理模型和数学模型,确定了泄漏前稳态的初始条件和泄漏后非稳态的边界条件;利用FLUENT软件进行了数值模拟,计算出了不同时刻油品在土壤中的扩散范围。计算结果表明,管道泄漏后原油扩散范围与泄漏时间保持一定变化规律,在无法检测扩散深度的情况下可根据扩散宽度进行粗略估算,大体确定事故泄漏扩散范围,可以为事故处置提供参考,提高事故的应急控制能力。     

黄土湿陷过程下埋地油气管道力学行为有限元模拟

针对黄土遇水后湿陷产生陷穴并引起埋地管道悬空这一过程中管道的力学行为,以基于弹塑性地基的黄土湿陷区悬空管道力学模型为基础,从湿陷原因和机理出发,建立三维有限元实体模型,模拟了土体湿陷过程和沉降变形,模拟计算结果与理论值和实测值进行了比对验证;进一步的计算和回归分析得到了管道最大位移、最大von Mises应力与地表土体湿陷沉降量的变化规律,同时也得到了最终湿陷情况下管道的von Mises应力分布和湿陷区范围的影响。结果表明:土体湿陷沉降是管道和土体共同作用的结果,湿陷前期管道与土体一起运动,位移和应力增加较快,而管道下方土体脱离管道产生陷穴后则增长较慢;管道最大位移和土体湿陷沉降量间呈对数函数关系,而管道最大von Mises应力和土体湿陷量呈指数函数关系; 湿陷区管段向下弯曲变形会在3个位置形成应力集中区,湿陷区范围增大会引起管道应力和变形的明显增加,且3个区域的最值分布有所不同。     

Rangeland utilisation assessment and modelling for grazing and fire management

To support grazing and fire management of communal semi-arid to sub-humid African rangelands, the assessment of grazing capacity is illustrated for cattle. The forage dry matter intake (DMI) was divided into four components: 1) the mature standing crop, 2) the green part of the standing crop, 3) the regrowth after range fires, and 4) browse. The relationship between the potential DMI and the crude protein (CP) concentration of the forage was modelled. The DMI ranged from 5 to 50% for forage with low to high CP concentrations, respectively. The DMI of browse was fixed at 0 and 10% of the DMI of unburnt vegetation for plain and woodland systems, respectively. The potential DMI of the four forage components combined, based on data of the early- to mid-dry season, was matched with livestock requirements to calculate grazing capacities. Possible combinations of and changes in the forage components, representing grazing capacities for different seasons of the year, were calculated and visualised. Lastly, it was demonstrated how to assess the proportion of the rangeland that should be burnt to make optimal use of the low quality forage available in abundance and the small amount of high quality regrowth.