改革开放以来广州市番禺区景观格局变化研究

番禺区作为广州市新的发展方向,处于中国经济和社会发展的前沿。研究番禺区20年来的景观格局变化,对于其经济社会的可持续、健康发展有一定的指导意义。利用番禺区1979年、1990年、2000年的MSS、TM、ETM^＋影像,在GIS的支持下,结合景观生态学的理论分析了番禺区三个时期的景观格局及其动态变化。结果表明,20年来,番禺区的景观格局变化迅速,斑块数量和空间格局变化较大;各景观类型之间的转移明显,耕地、林地快速向建设用地、养殖水域等转变。人文因素是景观格局变化的直接驱动力,人口增长、经济发展是导致景观系列变化最根本的原因。     

天气形势对四川盆地区域性臭氧污染的影响

本研究结合地面观测资料,ERA5再分析数据和PCT客观分型法,分析了2014~2019年四川盆地区域性O₃污染特征以及天气形势与O₃污染的关系.结果表明,2014~2019年四川盆地O₃区域污染发生频数呈单峰型分布,于2016年达到峰值,且发生区域主要集中在成都平原城市群.在6种典型天气类型中,类型1、2、6为污染型,其海平面气压呈西高东低,四川盆地受低压系统控制.类型3、4为清洁型,其中类型3呈北高南低,且在四川盆地东部存在1个低值中心;类型4呈东高西低,在青藏高原区域有一些小范围的高压中心.在污染型天气形势下,四川盆地的气象条件为温度高、云量低、地面接收到的紫外辐射强、相对湿度低,加速了O₃的生成,再叠加类型1的静风条件不利于污染物扩散;类型2、6盛行的东南气流对O₃及其前体物的输送,造成污染型天气类型发生区域性O₃污染比例明显高于其他几种类型.此外,基于环流分型的预测结果表明环流形势对四川盆地各城市群区域O₃污染影响可以达到其年变化的2倍以上,对整个四川盆地O₃浓度变化的贡献率为34.8%~66.3%.     

天气条件对福州近地层臭氧分布的影响

利用2009—2010年福州市近地层臭氧连续观测资料,并结合气象资料分析不同天气型对臭氧浓度变化的影响,以及臭氧浓度与气象要素的相关性。结果表明：在高压后部、地面倒槽等6种天气型影响下,福州市臭氧浓度值较高;在低涡锋面、台风（热带辐合带）等4种天气型影响下,臭氧浓度值较低。导致福州市臭氧平均浓度值最高的天气型是台风（热带辐合带）外围,最低的是低涡锋面系统。高压后部、地面倒槽和锋前暖区等强暖性、且非常不利于污染物扩散的天气型易造成臭氧浓度超标。臭氧浓度与气象要素关系密切,与温度、日照、太阳辐射显著正相关,与云量、相对湿度、降水量显著负相关,受偏南和偏东风影响,平均风速较大时,臭氧浓度较高,在SSE方位上臭氧小时浓度超标率最高。     

PREDICTABILITY OF SURFACE WATER POLLUTION LOADING IN PENNSYLVANIA USING WATERSHED‐BASED LANDSCAPE MEASUREMENTS1

ABSTRACT: We formally evaluated the relationship between landscape characteristics and surface water quality in the state of Pennsylvania (USA) by regressing two different types of pollutant responses on landscape variables that were measured for whole watersheds. One response was the monthly exported mass of nitrogen estimated from field measurements, while the other response was a GIS‐modeled pollution potential index. Regression models were built by the stepwise selection protocol, choosing an optimal set of landscape predictors. After factoring out the effect of physiography, the dominant predictors were the proportion of “annual herbaceous” land and “total herbaceous” land for the nitrogen loading and pollution potential index, respectively. The strength of these single predictors is encouraging because the marginal land cover proportions are the simplest landscape measurements to obtain once a land cover map is in hand; however, the optimal set of predictors also included several measurements of spatial pattern. Thus, for watersheds at this general hierarchical scale, gross landscape pattern may be an important influence on instream pollution loading. Overall, there is strong evidence that using landscape measurements alone, obtained solely from remotely sensed data, can explain most of the water quality variability (R²= approx. 0.75) within these watersheds.     

高寒草甸不同土地利用格局土壤CO2的释放量

分析高寒草甸不同土地利用格局下土壤CO₂的释放量大小表明,在植物生长季的5～9月,土壤CO₂释放量大小排序为:金露梅灌丛草甸(1871.40g/m²)＞矮嵩草草甸(1769.63g/m²)＞退化金露梅灌丛草甸(1495.60g/m²)＞退化矮嵩草草甸(1191.26g/m²);而在植物非生长季的10月到翌年4月,其土壤CO₂释放量大小与植物生长季略有差异,表现出矮嵩草草甸(661.46g/m²)＞金露梅灌丛草甸(550.90g/m²)＞退化矮嵩草草甸(502.50g/m²)＞退化金露梅灌丛草甸(384.50g/m²)的特点;全年内表现为矮嵩草草甸(2431.09g/m²)＞金露梅灌丛草甸(2422.30g/m²)＞退化金露梅灌丛草甸(1880.10g/m²)＞退化矮嵩草草甸(1694.06g/m²).高寒草甸地区不同土地利用格局土壤CO₂释放数量的差异及季节变化,不仅与各利用格局的土壤生物活性及土壤物理化学性状有关,而且与气象条件(特别是温度)及其土壤冬季冻结期长短关系极为密切.     

湖南省不同土地利用方式的碳排放效应及时空格局分析

土地利用变化是造成碳排放量增长的主要原因.运用相关统计数据,测算并分析了湖南省不同土地利用方式的碳排放效应及时空差异.结果表明,2003-2009年,湖南省净碳排放量呈增加趋势,年均增加478.15万t,而单位GDP碳排放强度却呈下降趋势,且与人均GDP呈现出倒U型曲线关系,曲线拐点在人均GDP达到0.97～1.00万元·人-1附近.同期,湖南省建设用地和耕地成为主要的碳源,其中,建设用地碳排放量年均增加约483.19万t,对净碳排放量的年均贡献率超过84％;林地为主要碳汇,其碳汇量年均可达769.67万t.2009年,湖南省净碳排放量存在着明显的区域差异,总体上呈现从东到西、从北到南逐渐减小的趋势,其中,娄底、岳阳、湘潭与郴州4市属于高排放-低效率(HE-LE)类型;永州、怀化、吉首与张家界4市属于低排放-高效率(LE-HE)类型;邵阳、长沙、常德、株洲、衡阳与益阳6市属于中排放-中效率(ME-ME)类型.     

Female distribution affects mate searching and sexual selection in male northern water snakes (Nerodia sipedon)

Mating systems and sexual selection are assumed to be affected by the distribution of critical resources. We use observations of 312 mating aggregations to compare mate-searching success of male northern water snakes (Nerodia sipedon) in two marshes in which differences in mating substrate availability resulted in more than fourfold differences in female dispersion. Reproductive males had significantly larger home ranges where females were dispersed than where females were clumped. The number of females encountered by males increased significantly with male home range size where females were dispersed, and decreased significantly where females were clumped. Where females were clumped, males were more likely to encounter other males when they located females. We found no evidence in either population that mate searching was energetically expensive or that males with relatively more energy had larger home ranges. However, males with greater fat reserves at the start of the season participated in more mating aggregations when females were dispersed, suggesting that fat reserves could affect a male’s willingness to attempt mating or to persist in aggregations. When females were dispersed there was weak stabilizing selection acting to maintain male body size (β=–0.14), but strong directional selection favoring larger (β=0.50) and fatter (β=0.37) males. Over 7 years, the intensity of selection favoring larger males varied substantially (β=0.14–1.15), but that variation was not related to variation in the operational sex ratio. We found no evidence of directional selection on either body size (β=0.05) or fat reserves (β=0.10) of males when females were spatially clumped. Overall, the distribution of females had a pronounced effect on male behavior, on the factors that affected male success in locating females, and probably on the extent of sperm competition once females had been located. Received: 23 November 1998 / Received in revised form: 9 August 1999 / Accepted: 18 August 1999     

珠三角地区臭氧来源特征的数值模拟研究

采用WRF/CAMx模型及臭氧源解析技术(OSAT)模块研究珠三角地区臭氧季节性时空分布特征,对不同污染天气型下的臭氧来源进行解析,评估珠三角各城市臭氧暴露水平,并探究如何根据实际天气状况为不同城市提出切实有效的管控措施.研究结果表明,珠三角地区臭氧浓度遵循夏秋季高、冬季低的季节变化特征.在所有季节中,珠三角地区以外的...     

Smart meters for enhanced water supply network modelling and infrastructure planning

To design water distribution network infrastructure, water utilities formulate daily demand profiles and peaking factors. However, traditional methods of developing such profiles and peaking factors, necessary to carry out water distribution network modelling, are often founded on a number of assumptions on how top-down bulk water consumption is attributed to customer connections and outdated demand information that does not reflect present consumption trends; meaning infrastructure is often unnecessarily overdesigned. The recent advent of high resolution smart water meters allows for a new novel methodology for using the continuous ‘big data’ generated by these meter fleets to create evidence-based water demand curves suitable for use in network models. To demonstrate the application of the developed method, high resolution water consumption data from households fitted with smart water meters were collected from the South East Queensland and Hervey Bay regions in Australia. Average day (AD), peak day (PD) and mean day maximum month (MDMM) demand curves, often used in water supply network modelling, were developed from the herein created methodology using both individual end-use level and hourly demand patterns from the smart meters. The resulting modelled water demand patterns for AD, PD and MDMM had morning and evening peaks occurring earlier and lower main peaks (AD: 12%; PD: 20%; MDMM: 33%) than the currently used demand profiles of the regions’ water utility. The paper concludes with a discussion on the implications of widespread smart water metering systems for enhanced water distribution infrastructure planning and management as well as the benefits to customers.     

重庆市春节期间典型空气污染过程分析

对重庆主城区2001—2012年春节期间空气质量的变化特征进行分析,并利用气象观测资料以及TAMP模式分析了2006年春节期间中度污染个例的天气形势。结果表明,2006年鞭炮燃放解禁前后,除夕到初一空气污染指数的变化情况出现了明显差异,特别是2006年达到了中度污染。利用气象观测资料分析2006年春节大尺度环流背景发现,29日高空为偏西气流,地面受均压场控制,不利于污染物随大气扩散,近地层形成了很明显的逆温,使得污染状况更加严重。利用TAMP模式模拟此次过程,与实况对比分析了TAMP模式模拟出的8:00沙坪坝站温度的垂直变化情况,发现TAMP模式能较好地反映出近地层的大气状况。TAMP模式输出的地面风场显示,在鞭炮燃放的高峰期,在渝中半岛以及长江以南沿江地区形成了偏北气流与偏东气流的辐合,主城区的风向辐合以及较小的风速,使得鞭炮燃放产生的污染物无法及时扩散,而近地层平均动能和湍流动能都维持一个很小的值,同样抑制了污染物的扩散。