A mixed methodology for evaluating use of evidence in conservation planning

Conservation practitioners widely recognize the importance of making decisions based on the best available evidence. However, the effectiveness of evidence use in conservation planning is rarely assessed, which limits opportunities to improve evidence-based practice. We devised a mixed methodology for empirically evaluating use of evidence that applies social science tools to systematically appraise what kinds of evidence are used in conservation planning, to what effect, and under what limitations. We applied our approach in a case study of the Nature Conservancy of Canada (NCC), a leading land conservation organization. We conducted qualitative and quantitative analyses of 65 NCC planning documents (n = 13 in-depth) to identify patterns in evidence use, and surveyed 35 conservation planners to examine experiences of and barriers to using evidence. Although claims in plans contained a wide range of evidence types, 26% of claims were not referenced or associated with an identifiable source. Lack of evidence use was particularly apparent in claims associated with direct threats, particularly those identified as low (71% coded as insufficient or lacking evidence) or medium (45%) threats. Survey participants described relying heavily on practitioner experience and highlighted capacity limitations and disciplinary gaps in expertise among planning teams as barriers to using evidence effectively. We found that although time-intensive, this approach yielded actionable recommendations for improving evidence use in NCC conservation plans. Similar mixed-method assessments may streamline the process by including interviews and refining the document analysis frames to target issues or sections of concern. We suggest our method provides an accessible and robust point of departure for conservation practitioners to evaluate whether the use of conservation planning reflects in-house standards and more broadly recognized best practices.     

地下城市综合管廊的抗火构造与消防设计

综合管廊作为现代化城市的基础设施,能够从根本上解决管线埋设或架立引起的挖掘道路、影响交通、破坏景观等问题。提高道路和公用管线的管理水平,有效利用地下空间,提高防灾能力,是现代化都市的必然要求。本文从管廊的构造、抗火设计要求、管线布置、消防系统等方面出发,对地下城市综合管廊的设计提出了一些具体的建议。     

松香基三烯丙酯交联聚合树脂的合成及其对水中Pb（II）、Cd（II）和Cu（II）的吸附性能与机制

以自制的松香基三烯丙酯（triallyl maleopimarate， TAMP）为交联剂，通过悬浮聚合法合成了一种松香基三烯丙酯交联聚合树脂（triallyl maleopimarate-acrylic copolymer， TAMPA），采用红外光谱（FTIR）、扫描电镜（SEM）、N₂吸附脱附曲线和热重（TG）分析等方法对其物理化学结构及热稳定性等进行表征，采用批量吸附实验探讨了TAMPA投加量、溶液pH、温度、接触时间和离子强度等因素对TAMP树脂对Pb（II）、Cd（II）和Cu（II）重金属离子吸附性能的影响.结果表明，当pH值为2.0~5.0，TAMPA树脂对Pb（II）、Cu（II）和Cd（II）吸附量呈先增大后平缓的趋势，pH=5.0为最大值.随着离子溶液的增加对TAMP树脂去除重金属离子有抑制作用；吸附动力学符合准二级模型；Freundlich等温吸附模型可以较好地描述TAMPA对3种重金属的吸附；吸附热力学结果表明其能自发对相关金属离子进行吸附.以EDTA为洗脱剂，重复再生3次后TAMPA仍有可观的吸附性能.结合XPS和量子化学计算模拟结果，提出了TAMPA对Pb（II）、Cd（II）和Cu（II）的吸附作用机制，主要为重金属离子与材料基体中的C?O氧配位螯合作用.