铜藻基载铁活性炭的制备及其对亚甲基蓝的吸附特性研究

以一种大型海藻——铜藻为原料,Fe Cl3·6H2O为活化剂,采用超声浸渍-原位合成法制备了铜藻基载铁活性炭(Fe/SAC),并以活性炭得率和亚甲基蓝吸附值为指标,通过正交法考察了活化温度、活化时间和浸渍比的影响.同时,采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜和比表面积分析仪对最优结果进行表征,并考察了Fe/SAC吸附亚甲基蓝的热力学与动力学特性.结果表明,Fe/SAC的最优制备工艺条件为活化温度600℃、活化时间1 h、浸渍比1∶1,此时的活性炭得率为39.5%,亚甲基蓝吸附值为255.67 mg·g~(-1);最优工艺条件下制得的Fe/SAC比表面积为558.31 m2·g~(-1),其负载的铁组分主要为Fe3O4和Fe O;亚甲基蓝在Fe/SAC上的吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,Langmuir等温吸附模型能够很好地描述吸附平衡过程,该吸附是熵增加的自发吸热(ΔS0、ΔG0、ΔH0)过程,升温有利于吸附.     

Optimizing synthesis conditions of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) through aqueous reactivity assessment

Nanoscale iron particles (nZVI) is one of the most important engineered nanomaterials applied to environmental pollution control and abatement. Although a multitude of synthesis approaches have been proposed, a facile method to screen the reactivity of candidate nZVI materials produced using different methods or under varying synthesis conditions has yet been established. In this study, four reaction parameters were adjusted in the preparation of borohydride-reduced nZVI. The reductive properties of the resultant nanoparticles were assayed independently using two model aqueous contaminants, Cu(II) and nitrate. The results confirm that the reductive reactivity of nZVI is most sensitive to the initial concentration of iron precursor, borohydride feed rate, and the loading ratio of borohydride to ferric ion during particle synthesis. Solution mixing speed, in contrast, carries a relative small weight on the reactivity of nZVI. The two probing reactions (i.e., Cu(II) and nitrate reduction) are able to generate consistent and quantitative inference about the mass-normalized surface activity of nZVI. However, the nitrate assay is valid in dilute aqueous solutions only (50 mg·L⁻¹ or lower) due to accelerated deactivation of iron surface at elevated nitrate concentrations. Additional insights including the structural and chemical makeup of nZVI can be garnered from Cu(II) reduction assessments. The reactivity assays investigated in this study can facilitate screening of candidate materials or optimization of nZVI production parameters, which complement some of the more sophisticated but less chemically specific material characterization methods used in the nZVI research.     

Biochemical properties of beryllium potentially relevant to its carcinogenicity†

The carcinogenicity of beryllium to several animal species is well established and evidence exists which strongly suggests that this is the case in human exposure. In this review several biochemical properties of the metallocarcinogen are considered including, the causation of cell transformation, and infidelity of DNA synthesis, inhibition of cell division and enzyme induction, and interference with regulatory mechanisms controlling gene expression. These effects are discussed in relation to beryllium chemistry, cellular accumulation mechanisms and distribution to subcellular organdies and molecular targets. It is suggested that the ultimate location and interactions of the metal ion in cell nuclei and its selective inhibition of certain protein phosphorylation reactions in particular are the biochemical effects potentially most relevant to induction of beryllium carcinogenesis.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments held in experimental mesocosms

Sediment was collected from three locations along a pollution gradient in Narragansett Bay and transplanted to controlled mesocosms. Total hydrocarbons and eleven individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in these sediments over a period of 394 days. Total hydrocarbon concentrations increased in the “relatively uncontaminated”; (Rhode Island Sound) sediment that was held in the mesocosms, but did not change in the two other sediments. The concentrations of four PAHs: naphthalene, 2‐methyl naphthalene, 1‐methyl naphthalene and biphenyl, decreased in the “contaminated”; (Providence River) sediment during the experiment and the calculated half‐lives for these compounds were 287, 353, 321 and 333 days, respectively.     

Synthesis of 2,5‐diaryl‐2,4‐pentadienenitriles and their spectral,fluorescence and mutagenic properties

The condensation of substituted cinnamaldehydes and arylacetonitriles using sodium ethoxide in ethanol at room temperature afforded 2,5‐diaryl‐2,4‐pentadienenitriles in good yield. The structure of the reaction products was established on the basis of their infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and elemental analysis data. Two representative compounds were studied for their mutagenic activity. One of them showed a weak mutagenicity while the second showed a high mutagenic activity in TA97a Salmonella strain. Both were negative in TA100. Some of these pentadienenitriles showed fluorescence in solutions.     

基于宏基因组技术获得的对厌氧氨氧化菌代谢的新理解

厌氧氨氧化菌(Anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria,AAOB)是化能自养菌,由于其生理代谢的奇异性、细胞结构的特殊性以及对氮素循环的重要性,已成为环境工程、微生物以及海洋生物学等领域的研究热点.然而,AAOB未能实现纯培养的现状已成为AAOB代谢途径研究的巨大障碍.近年来兴起的宏基因组技术(Metagenomics)为AAOB代谢途径的研究提供了新手段.采用宏基因组技术,可直接研究微生物群体中某特定微生物基因组的结构与功能,摆脱了传统微生物学研究对纯培养的依赖,使未培养微生物的认识和开发成为可能.本文首先简述获取AAOB宏基因组信息的过程,然后通过比较由传统代谢研究方法和宏基因组技术获得的AAOB代谢途径的研究成果,论述基于宏基因组技术获得的对AAOB代谢的新理解,得出以下结果和结论:1)AAOB的碳素固定途径为乙酰辅酶A途径,碳素固定的还原力来自NADH或者QH2;2)AAOB氮素转化的重要中间产物是NO,而非NH2OH,并提出了以NO为核心的AAOB代谢的改进模型;3)AAOB的ATP合成途径为氧化磷酸化,推测的电子传递途径为N2H4—QH2—细胞色素bc1复合体;细胞色素bc1复合体再将电子用于NO2-还原和N2H4合成.AAOB的宏基因组技术使AAOB代谢途径的研究更具方向性.随着分子生物学理论和技术的不断发展,宏基因组学的升级技术(如宏转录组学、宏蛋白质组学)将为AAOB代谢途径的研究提供新的方法与平台.图3表1参51     

应用水滑石实时合成分离模拟核素钕

应用水滑石实时合成的方法从高放废液中分离模拟放射性核素钕,通过酸碱滴定、单因素试验及X-射线衍射(XRD)研究确定了最佳分离条件,用红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)等对合成的含钕水滑石的结构、形貌进行了分析. 结果表明:模拟放射性核素钕的最佳分离条件,初始ρ(Nd3+)为150 mg/L,pH为10,n(Mg)/［n(Al)+n(Nd)］为3,在该条件下5次平行试验钕的去除率平均值为96.40%,并且钕嵌入到了水滑石的晶格中,合成的含钕水滑石形貌大多为层状六边形;含钕水滑石煅烧产物主要为尖晶石,煅烧产物中未见氧化钕相,表明嵌入到水滑石晶格中的钕在煅烧后仍存在于尖晶石的晶体结构中.      

生草栽培对三种岭南水果种植系统的生态经济影响评价

综合运用能值、经济与土壤生态学分析方法,以传统清耕模式为对照,定量研究了生草栽培对荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn)、龙眼(Dimocarpus longan Lour)和番荔枝(Annona squamosa Linn)三种岭南水果种植系统的生态经济影响。整合系统物质流、能量流和货币流,综合分析其自然资源基础、经济发展状况及可持续发展程度,并将土壤有机质的消耗纳入不可更新自然资源能值投入分析,为岭南水果业生草栽培与否提供科学依据。结果表明,生草栽培可以将荔枝和龙眼种植系统的能值可持续性从传统清耕模式的0.16和0.46分别提升到0.17和0.47;而使番荔枝种植系统的能值可持续性从传统清耕模式的0.59降至0.45。同时,生草栽培可提高荔枝和番荔枝种植系统的经济效益,而降低龙眼种植系统的经济效益。所有案例结果均表明,生草栽培可降低果园土壤有机质的消耗。     

Highly active mixed-phase TiO2 photocatalysts fabricated at low temperature and the correlation between phase composition and photocatalytic activity

The idea of varying volume ratio of water to ethanol in solvent was firstly employed to yield phase composition controllable mixedphase titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysts via a low temperature solvothermal route at 353 K. It was found that anatase contents increase from 0 to 100% with increase of ethanol contents in solvent. The mixed-phase TiO2 with 60% anatase content exhibited the best photocatalytic activity in photodecomposing formaldehyde (FAD) under UV light irradiation, which increases by about ...     

奶牛粪高温堆肥保氮与除臭技术实验研究

采用高温堆肥模拟试验研究了有效微生物EM和两种调理剂稻草、蚯蚓粪在奶牛粪堆肥中保氮和除臭的效应及各自适宜的添加比例。结果表明,在高温条件下,EM、稻草和蚯蚓粪均可明显降低奶牛粪中NH3和H2S的挥发,EM各添加比例的NH3去除率为7.06%～11.80%,H2S去除率为5.30%～10.81%;稻草各添加比例的NH3去除率为11.76%～66.03%,H2S去除率为10.63%～60.28%;蚯蚓粪各添加比例的NH3去除率为10.07%～50.75%,H2S去除率为13.95%～56.78%。同时,随着添加比例的提高,有效微生物EM、稻草和蚯蚓粪对NH3和H2S的去除率增大,达到奶牛粪堆肥中最大的保氮除臭效果时,EM的添加比例为3%、稻草的添加比例为30%、蚯蚓粪的添加比例为10%。