杉木人工林碳收获预估技术研究

从收获预估的角度确定森林碳收获大小与林分之间的关系,定义了碳收获和碳收获表的概念.采用二次正交旋转设计设置杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)人工林典型标准地,调查测定获取典型样地杉木人工林样木各器官碳含量及碳贮量基本数据,基于相对生长方程以单株胸径、树高、材积为自变量建立杉木人工林单木碳收获量模型,以林分平均胸径、平均树高、密度指数和蓄积量为自变量建立杉木人工林林分碳收获量模型并编制其可变密度碳收获量表.经检验,所建立杉木人工林单木各器官碳收获量模型和林分碳收获量模型预估精度均达95%以上,且模型充分考虑了单株材积和林分蓄积量对碳收获量的影响,具有较强的兼容性和可操作性,在森林碳汇估测中具有应用价值.将所建立杉木人工林碳收获量模型应用于杉木人工林单木碳收获量及林分碳收获量预估,实例计算表明其预估精度较高,单木碳收获模型的相对误差仅为4.70 %,说明所建立杉木人工林碳收获量模型可应用于福建省杉木人工林单木和林分碳储量估计,从而丰富了森林资源动态预测内容,并可为森林资源监测及其相关研究提供基础数据.     

Assessment of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in 10 samples of Iranian and foreign consumed tea leaves and dissolved beverages

The tea bush (Comellia sinensis) is grown commercially in a large number of countries. Tea is a beverage, which consists of processed and dried tea leaves and is one of the most popular global drinks. Tea contains some heavy metals, such as Pb and Cd, which exert adverse effects on human health. The aim of this study was to determine the Pb and Cd levels in tea leaves and in the solution following dissolution in boiling water. In order to assess Pb and Cd in Iranian consumed tea, 10 tea samples were analyzed for metal concentration in tea leaves and boiled water solutions. For tea leaf analysis, the samples (5 g) were oven dried, ash dried in a cold oven, cooled at room temperature and then 2 mL nitric acid were added to the samples and the acid were evaporated on hot plate. For tea solution analysis, tea (5 g) was added to 250 mL of boiling distilled water and after filtering, the liquid was collected as tea solution. The results show that the average concentration of Pb and Cd in Iranian tea leaves was 9.73 and 0.67 mg kg^?1 and in foreign tea leaves 2.5 and 0.53 mg kg^?1, respectively. Shariat and Golkis representing Iranian, and Red Shahrzad and Ahmad representing foreign tea, showed the highest and lowest concentration respectively of Pb. Bamdad and Shariat representing Iranian, and Black Sedaghat and Ahmad representing foreign tea, showed the highest and lowest levels of Cd, respectively. The results showed that the longer the time of dissolution of the tea, the higher concentration of Pb and Cd in tea solution. In order to control Pb and Cd levels in tea, the type of water used in agriculture and quality of soil needs to be regulated.     

Rain forest dwellers' livelihoods: income generation,household wealth and NTFP sales,a case study from Xishuangbanna,SW China

Through annual in-depth household questionnaire interviews of 60% of households in Daka and Baka villages from 1998 to 2004, we explored wealth-related differences and similarities in the sale of NTFPs of tropical rain forest fringe dwellers in Xishuangbanna, SW China. Contribution of different NTFPs to cash income and different seasonal access to NTFPs between Baka and Daka were analysed. There were significant differences in income and role of NTFPs per household between Baka and Daka related to different access to: NTFPs in forests, labour and market sales in different seasons. In Baka, the ranking of NTFP income was: fungi, wild vegetables, bamboo shoot in 2000 and 2001. Differences in gender and generational involvement in NTFP sales was also examined. For example, households without a son, as well as those with a female householder depended more on income from NTFPs and less on income from rubber than other households. Resource use patterns between relatively wealthy and poor households were also analysed. Wealthy households sold 2.50 ± 0.50 types while poor households sold 2.08 ± 0.26 NTFPs. The Gini coefficient of gross income per household for Baka in recent years was 0.393, increasing to 0.414 without NTFPs. The Gini coefficient of gross income for Daka in recent years was 0.291, increasing to 0.292 without NTFPs, showing the different role of NTFPs in mitigating wealth inequality in the two villages.     

广东鹤山三种南亚热带人工林的生态系统服务价值动态

在鹤山国家森林生态系统定位研究站长期定位研究的基础上,参照和修订了我国LY/T 1721-2008《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》给出的生态系统服务价值量化方法与服务价格,分析揭示了三种人工林生态系统0~22龄间的服务价值结构特点及其动态规律。结果显示：南亚热带人工林各生态系统服务呈现非线性、不同步的动态发展特征：涵养水源和总服务价值动态特征为先大幅上涨,然后上升速度减缓,最终维持在一定价值高度出现小幅波动;固碳释氧和林木积累营养物质价值动态特征为迅速增长,然后趋于缓慢下降;生物保育价值和保育土壤价值动态特征为一直处于上升态势,但上升过程中变幅较大。0~22龄间,涵养水源始终是三种人工林生态系统服务价值组成中的最大组分,其次是固碳释氧和生物保育。三种人工林相比,在12龄以前马占相思林生态系统服务总价值最高,之后三者生态系统服务总值差异明显变小,乡土混交林生态系统服务功能总价值逐渐超越马占相思林。     

土壤温度和湿度对鲁东南杨树人工林土壤呼吸的协同影响

利用GXH．3051红外C02气体分析仪结合自制密闭箱对鲁东南中龄杨树人工林（MAP）和成熟杨树人工林（MP）土壤呼吸、自养呼吸和异氧呼吸进行了为期2a的定位研究,分析土壤温度和湿度与土壤呼吸的关系及动态变化,探讨土壤温度和湿度对土壤呼吸的协同影响。结果表明,（1）MAP和MP土壤呼吸具明显的季节特征,均呈单峰变化,7月达到高峰,分别为4．43和3．55μm01·m-2．s-1,1月处于低谷,分别为0．72和0．54tmaol·m-2．S-1。（2）土壤温度与土壤呼吸的关系可用指数模型R=ae加’进行拟合,土壤湿度与土壤呼吸的关系可用线性模型R=aW＋b进行拟合。（3）土壤温度和湿度与土壤呼吸的综合关系可用非线性模型R=aebrWc较好地拟合,共同解释了MAP和MP不同年份土壤呼吸、自养呼吸和异氧呼吸的83．3％－85．1％、71％－79．2％、58．6％－76．5％和82．4％－88．3％、68．9％－78．2％、50．2％－78．2％,双因素模型明显优于仅考虑土壤温度或土壤湿度的单因素模型,表明鲁东南杨树人工林土壤呼吸主要受土壤温度和土壤湿度的协同影响。     

Assessing self-organization of plant communities—A thermodynamic approach

Thermodynamics is a powerful tool for the study of system development and has the potential to be applied to studies of ecological complexity. Here, we develop a set of thermodynamic indicators including energy capture and energy dissipation to quantify plant community self-organization. The study ecosystems included a tropical seasonal rainforest, an artificial tropical rainforest, a rubber plantation, and two Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Robinson communities aged 13 years and 1 year. The communities represent a complexity transect from primary vegetation, to transitional community, economic plantation, and fallows and are typical for Xishuangbanna, southwestern China. The indicators of ecosystem self-organization are sensitive to plant community type and seasonality, and demonstrate that the tropical seasonal rainforest is highly self-organized and plays an important role in local environmental stability via the land surface thermal regulation. The rubber plantation is at a very low level of self-organization as quantified by the thermodynamic indicators, especially during the dry season. The expansion of the area of rubber plantation and shrinkage of tropical seasonal rainforest would likely induce local surface warming and a larger daily temperature range.     

闽南山区连续年龄序列桉树人工林土壤养分动态

对闽南山区连续年龄序列(2 a、3 a、4 a、5 a、6 a)的尾巨桉(Eucalyptus urophyllaxE.grandis)人工林土壤有机碳及氮、磷、钾含量进行了分析,以评价土壤养分随林分年龄的变化动态.土壤有机碳、全氮、水解氮、全磷、速效磷均表现出随林分年龄增加而增加,到4 a生时达到最大,随后则呈下降趋势,6 a生时下降到最低值.速效钾含量则随林分年龄增加逐步下降,6 a生林分0～20 cm、20～40 cm和40～60 cm这3个土层速效钾含量分别比2 a生下降了53.2%、44.4%和55.2%;土壤全钾含量也表现出一定的下降趋势.所有年龄林分的土壤有机碳、全氮、水解氮、全磷、速效磷和速效钾含量均随土层深度增加而降低,而土壤伞钾则表现出相反的趋势.因此,在桉树人工林经营过程中,应定期增施钾肥,适时施用有机肥及氮、磷肥,以控制地力衰退.图4表2参24     

土壤温湿度对北京大兴杨树人工林土壤呼吸的影响

采用Li-cor-8150土壤呼吸测定系统,对北京大兴杨树人工林(欧美107,Populus×euramericana cv."74/76")土壤CO_2释放通量、土壤温度和水分进行了为期1年(2007)的定位连续观测,系统研究土壤温度(T_S)和土壤含水量(w)对土壤呼吸速率(R_s)的影响.结果表明:(1)土壤呼吸速率日变化呈单峰曲线,具有明显的白天高,夜间低的规律.非生长季土壤呼吸速率较低,自5月份土壤呼吸速率上升,8月份达到最大值.(2)土壤温度是影响土壤呼吸速率的主要因素,用指数模型解释全年过程中土壤温度对土壤呼吸速率变化的能力为69%.在低温段(<0℃)土壤呼吸速率随土壤温度升高而下降,而在土壤温度>0℃条件下土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度表现为正相关.土壤呼吸速率随土壤含水量上升表现出先升高后降低的趋势,三次方程模拟表明土壤水分的贡献率为33%,而当土壤含水量低于9.5%时,土壤水分的贡献率上升到51%.(3)土壤温、湿度共同作用于土壤呼吸,在不同含水量区间土壤呼吸对土壤温度的响应程度不同:在4%～10%土壤含水量范围内.土壤温度与土壤呼吸的指数模型的R~2达到0.86,而在土壤水分较高或较低时,其相关系数仅为0.6.土壤温度是影响土壤呼吸速率变化的主导因素,当土壤含水量过低或过高时,土壤温度的主导作用相对减弱,土壤含水量的影响作用相对加强.土壤呼吸的温度敏感性受土壤温度区间和水分区间的综合影响,用指数模型模拟土壤温湿度对土壤呼吸的影响不能很好的模拟土壤湿度的作用,所以单一模型并不是描述土壤温湿度对土壤呼吸的共同影响的最优模型,而多种模型复合的数学模型有待进一步研究.     

生物黑炭输入对茶园土壤呼吸的影响

生物黑炭是化石燃料或生物质不完全燃烧产生的一种非纯净碳的混合物,施入土壤后能有效减少温室气体排放、改良土壤性状、促进植物生长,但生物黑炭施用对土壤碳排放的影响仍存在不确定性。茶园是我国南方地区主要土地利用类型之一,为明确生物黑炭输入对茶园土壤碳排放的影响,本文采用田间试验研究生物黑炭施用对茶园土壤呼吸的影响。试验设置生物黑炭施用量0 t·hm^-2（CK）、8 t·hm^-2、16 t·hm^-2、32 t·hm^-2和64 t·hm^-25个水平,采用LI-Cor8100开路式土壤碳通量测定系统对不同生物黑炭施用水平处理下茶园土壤呼吸速率进行长期定位观测。结果表明,茶园土壤呼吸速率的季节变化规律呈现单峰曲线特征,最高值出现在8月份,最低值出现在1月份;土壤呼吸速率与土壤10 cm温度呈极显著的指数相关关系,土壤10 cm温度能够解释各处理土壤呼吸月动态变化的67.79%-89.16%。生物黑炭输入提高了茶园土壤呼吸速率,各处理年平均土壤呼吸速率分别比CK提高10.75%、17.52%、35.78%和42.58%,并与CK差异达显著水平（p〈0.05）;生物黑炭输入降低了茶园土壤呼吸敏感性（Q10值）,各处理土壤呼吸Q10值分别比CK降低1.96%、3.14%、4.01%和10.76%。土壤呼吸温度敏感性的降低验证了生物黑炭具有热稳定性和生物学稳定性,是可以在茶园土壤中长期固存的惰性有机碳。     

南方茶园红壤施用PAM对土壤理化性质和茶叶安全的影响

传统的水土保持措施在坡地茶园上应用比较困难,而利用聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）来防治茶园土壤侵蚀的适宜性还有待研究。因此,在铁观音（Camellia sinensis）茶园设置6个不同PAM施用量的小区（0、2、4、6、8、10 g·m-2）,并采集春、夏、秋3个收获季节的土壤和茶叶样品,通过分析茶园土壤理化性质和茶叶中丙烯酰胺残留来评价PAM对土壤理化性质和茶叶安全品质的影响。结果表明：与对照小区相比,土壤容重在低PAM施用浓度小区中发生降低,土壤有机质在不同季节的各PAM处理之间差异不显著,而土壤速效磷、碱解氮和速效钾在3个收获季节中的流失下降明显,其中施用2 g·m-2 PAM的小区其土壤速效磷、碱解氮和速效钾含量最高。每个PAM处理的茶叶样品和土壤样品中单体丙烯酰胺的残留量分别为0.011~0.095μg·L-1和0.008~0.036μg·L-1,均远低于丙烯酰胺安全限值0.5μg·L-1。文章认为红壤茶园施用PAM不仅可以保持土壤肥力,而且对茶叶生产也是安全的。施用PAM是一种适宜的防治红壤茶园土壤侵蚀的水保措施,且最佳用量为2 g·m-2。