红松人工林土壤酶活性与化学性质对氮添加的响应

土壤酶参与土壤中进行的众多复杂的生物化学过程,对陆地生态系统物质循环具有重要作用.为了探索温带森林土壤酶活性和化学性质对氮沉降的响应,本研究依托于黑龙江凉水国家级自然保护区的红松（Pinus koraiensis）人工林氮添加实验样地,分析了4种土壤酶活性.结果表明,土壤中N-乙酰-氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）和碱性磷酸酶（AKP）活性均随着施氮浓度增加显著升高,而β-葡糖苷酶（BG）以及酸性磷酸酶（ACP）活性在不同的施氮处理之间无显著差异;同一施氮水平下的上层（0~10 cm）土壤的全碳、全氮、全磷、有效氮含量以及4种酶活性显著高于下层（10~20 cm）土壤,pH值则无显著差异.全碳与NAG、BG、AKP、ACP之间均存在极显著正相关,全氮与BG、NAG、AKP、ACP存在显著或极显著正相关,有效氮与NAG、AKP间存在显著和极显著正相关,全磷与ACP、AKP存在显著和极显著正相关.施氮水平和土层对土壤酶活性及土壤化学性质存在不同程度的影响,氮的长期大量输入可直接或间接地改变土壤化学性质并影响土壤酶活性.     

The ratio between nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide total emissions as precursors of tropospheric hydroxyl content evolution

The Main Geophysical Observatory 2D channel photochemical model is used to study the behavior of tropospheric OH within the 30–60°N zonal belt in relation to changing NO_X and CO emissions. The changes of tropospheric OH as a function of the contributions by NO_X and CO emissions during the period 1850–2050 are calculated. Our estimations show that the largest annual increment of total tropospheric OH within the belt considered occurs in the 1985–1995 period, about 0.27% yr⁻¹. Based on scenarios of tropospheric pollution emissions in the first half of 21st century, the total tropospheric OH content will increase more slowly, by 0.12–0.15% yr⁻¹. The maximum growth of OH concentration occurs close to air pollution locations—in the lower troposphere during 1850–1995 but in the upper troposphere in the 21st century when the NO_X source from subsonic aircraft increases faster than the surface source.     

Effects of Drainage‐Basin Geomorphology on Insectivorous Bird Abundance in Temperate Forests

Abstract: Interfaces between terrestrial and stream ecosystems often enhance species diversity and population abundance of ecological communities beyond levels that would be expected separately from both the ecosystems. Nevertheless, no study has examined how stream configuration within a watershed influences the population of terrestrial predators at the drainage‐basin scale. We examined the habitat and abundance relationships of forest insectivorous birds in eight drainage basins in a cool temperate forest of Japan during spring and summer. Each basin has different drainage‐basin geomorphology, such as the density and frequency of stream channels. In spring, when terrestrial arthropod prey biomass is limited, insectivorous birds aggregated in habitats closer to streams, where emerging aquatic prey was abundant. Nevertheless, birds ceased to aggregate around streams in summer because terrestrial prey became plentiful. Watershed‐scale analyses showed that drainage basins with longer stream channels per unit area sustained higher densities of insectivorous birds. Moreover, such effects of streams on birds continued from spring through summer, even though birds dispersed out of riparian areas in the summer. Although our data are from only a single year, our findings imply that physical modifications of stream channels may reduce populations of forest birds; thus, they emphasize the importance of landscape‐based management approaches that consider both stream and forest ecosystems for watershed biodiversity conservation.     

TRENDS IN PRECIPITATION AND STREAM CHEMISTRY IN A PRISTINE OLD-GROWTH FOREST WATERSHED,OLYMPIC NATIONAL PARK,WASHINGTON1

ABSTRACT: Human induced long-term changes in precipitation and stream chemistry have been observed in eastern North America and Europe, but few long-term studies have been conducted in coastal western North America. The objectives of this research were to determine: (1) time trends in precipitation and stream chemistry in a pristine old-growth forest watershed, and (2) seasonal patterns in precipitation and stream chemistry. It was conducted in 58 ha West Twin Creek Watershed, Hoh River Valley, Olympic National Park, Washington from 1984 to 1993. Vegetation consists of old-growth forest, with western hemlock, Douglas-fir, western redcedar, Pacific silver fir, and Sitka spruce being the dominant tree species. Annual precipitation varied from 2336 to 4518 mm during the study period with the majority of the rain falling between October and May. Chemistry of precipitation was strongly dominated by oceanic influences with Na and Cl being the dominant ions. The chemistry of the stream was influenced by bedrock weathering and was dominated by Ca, HCO₃, and SO₄ and was not strongly related to precipitation chemistry. The pH of precipitation averaged 5.3 over time and ranged from 4.3 to 7.1, while the stream pH averaged 7.5 and ranged from 5.5 to 9.0. There were few long-term trends in the chemical constituents of bulk precipitation or stream water with the exception of a slight decrease in NO₃ in precipitation and an increase of SO₄ in stream water. A trend of decreasing concentrations of Ca, Mg and Na in precipitation also occurred. There were no significant seasonal patterns in precipitation although the highest SO₄ concentrations usually occurred in late spring and summer perhaps due marine algal activity. Strong seasonal trends occurred in concentrations of HCO₃, SO₄, Ca, Mg, and Na in stream water resulting from weathering and stream flow patterns, with highest ion concentrations occurring just before the onset of the rainy season. Pulses of NO₃ in the stream were observed during fall and early winter resulting from the release of NO₃ which had accumulated in soils or sediments.     

Modeling the Effect of Climate Change on the Distribution of Oak and Pine Species of Mexico

Abstract:  We examined the vulnerability of 34 species of oaks ( Quercus ) and pines ( Pinus ) to the effects of global climate change in Mexico. We regionalized the HadCM2 model of climate change with local climatic data (mean annual temperature and rainfall) and downscaled the model with the inverse distance-weighted method. Databases of herbaria specimens, genetic algorithms (GARP), and digital covers of biophysical variables that affect oaks and pines were used to project geographic distributions of the species under a severe and conservative scenario of climate change for the year 2050. Starting with the current average temperature of 20.2 °C and average precipitation of 793 mm, under the severe warming scenario mean temperature and precipitation changed to 22.7 °C and 660 mm, respectively, in 2050. For the conservative warming scenario, these variables shifted to 21.8 °C and 721 mm. Responses to the different scenarios of climate change were predicted to be species-specific and related to each species climate affinity. The current geographic distribution of oaks and pines decreased 7–48% and 0.2–64%, respectively. The more vulnerable pines were Pinus rudis , P. chihuahuana , P. oocarpa , and P. culminicola , and the most vulnerable oaks were Quercus crispipilis , Q. peduncularis , Q. acutifolia , and Q. sideroxyla . In addition to habitat conservation, we think sensitive pine and oak species should be looked at more closely to define ex situ strategies (i.e., seed preservation in germplasm banks) for their long-term conservation. Modeling climatic-change scenarios is important to the development of conservation strategies.     

我国北方温带水库——周村水库季节性热分层现象及其水质响应特性

为揭示我国北方温带水库——周村水库水体季节性分层现象及其水质响应特性,于2014年7月~2015年6月对周村水库进行了37次采样,并对水体理化指标和浮游植物进行了原位监测.结果表明,周村水库在4~11月间处于水体分层,全年呈典型的温带单循环混合模式.水温分层对水库水环境的变化起着重要的作用,热分层引起的底层水体季节性缺氧,导致了沉积物中营养盐以及还原性物质的大量释放,其中热分层期底层水体总氮、总磷、锰和硫化物的平均值分别为1.18、0.11、0.47和0.48 mg·L~(-1);浮游植物垂向分布受水温分层的显著影响,热分层期上层水体浮游植物丰度较高,其均值为16.35×106cells·L~(-1),下层水体浮游植物丰度维持在较低水平.     

欧洲北美温带地区酸化生态系统的恢复现状与前景

过去20多年来,由于欧美国家采取了强有力的减排措施,从而使这些地区大面积范围的酸沉降率,尤其是硫的沉降普遍下降,但对这些温带地区开展的地表水和陆地生态系统的恢复进程研究显示:随着酸性排放物的减排,酸化生态系统开始有所恢复,但恢复相当缓慢。导致恢复延缓的一个主要原因是低估了氮在酸化中的贡献,另外还有土壤中盐基离子的损耗、干沉降可能被低估、气候的影响等原因。因此酸化生态系统的恢复是一个长期的缓慢的过程,进一步加强酸性排放物尤其是氮的减排,仍然是极为迫切的。     

我国南方不同类型草地生产力及对气候变化的响应

为进一步明晰南方不同类型草地的碳源汇关系,预测未来气候情景下可能的碳循环特征,利用本地参数化的BIOME-BGC模型对2001~2010年低山丘陵草原化草甸、典型草山草坡和典型山地草甸样地净初级生产力(NPP)与净生态系统生产力(NEP)进行了模拟估算。不同类型草地的NPP和NEP 10年间变化趋势不同,低山丘陵草原化草甸、典型草山草坡和典型山地草甸的NPP平均值分别为357.17、232.4和191.96gC/(m2·a);NEP的平均值分别为3.25、21.28和81.96gC/(m2·a)。3种类型草地NPP与温度之间存在显著的正相关关系,NEP与温度之间存在着显著的负相关关系;本模型模拟的NPP和NEP与年平均降水量之间相关性不明显。未来气候情景C1P-1T1下(CO2浓度倍增,年均温增加2℃,降水减少10%),低山丘陵草原化草甸样地NPP增加26.93%,NEP增加160%;典型草山草坡样地NPP增加62.20%,NEP增加153%;典型山地草甸样地NPP增加135%,NEP增加206%。3种南方草地类型在未来气候情景下都将有一定的碳汇增长潜力,其中以典型山地草甸的碳汇潜力最为明显,与降水量相比受温度变化的影响相对较大。