4-Ethylphenol and 4-ethylguaiacol in wines: Estimating non-microbial sourced contributions and toxicological considerations

Analyses of commercially available wines suggested non-Brettanomyces sources of 4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylguaiacol. Grapes, enological additions, exposure to plastics, and oak-barrel aging were potential inputs considered. Investigations of whole grape bunch samples from two major red wine Vitis vinifera cultivars (L. cv. Cabernet Franc and Pinot Noir), a commercial mannoprotein additive, and three commercial enological tannin additions indicated they are not likely significant sources of these compounds. Studies on 15 commercial oak barrelled red wines from six Vitis vinifera cultivars (L. cv. Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Dunkelfelder, Merlot, Pinot Meunier, and Pinot Noir), and a review of volatile phenol extraction from toasted oak wood, suggested that oak-aging may produce concentrations of up to 50 μg L^?1 4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylguaiacol. Thus, following potential Brettanomyces-sourced aroma impacts in wine using 4-ethylphenol and/or 4-ethylguaiacol concentrations as proxies should only be considered reliable at analyte levels > 100 μg L^?1. A review of worldwide 4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylguaiacol concentrations in wine, consumption patterns, and available toxicological data also suggested that levels of 4-ethylphenol being observed in wines worldwide do not warrant concerns about acute or long-term effects. While little is known about the toxicology of 4-ethylguaiacol, it is unlikely that elevated concentrations will pose any health-related concerns.     

Clinical and toxicological data in Fenthion and omethoate acute poisoning

Abstract

This study paper reports on two cases of poisoning with the organophosphorus insecticides, fenthion and omethoate. The two victims were admitted in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) a few hours after ingestion of the two insecticides. They received appropriate treatment for organophosphorous poisoning (gastric lavage, activated charcoal, atropine and pralidoxime) and supportive care. Both patients survived. Organophosphate blood levels were determined on admission (fenthion 2.9 (ig/ml, omethoate 1.6 Hg/ml) and during the hospitalisation and proved to be considerably high. Slow elimination rate of the poison already distributed in the body was indicated for both pesticides. The patient with omethoate poisoning remained clinically well (Glasgow Coma Scale : 15) and was discharged three days later. The patient with fenthion poisoning, who had also ingested 30 mg of bromazepam and 720 mg of oxetoron, developed cholinergic crisis six hours after admission and was intubated for 24 days, with concomitant complications.     

有机化合物生物富集因子的计算机预测研究

有机化合物在生物体内的富集,通常用生物富集因子(bioconcentration factor,简称BCF)来表达,这是化合物生态环境毒性评估的重要指标。为合理预测有机化合物是否易于生物富集,首先从美国环保局网站收集了624个具有不同BCF值的化合物,然后采用7种分子指纹结合5种机器学习方法(包括支持向量机、C4.5决策树、k最近邻法、随机森林法和朴素贝叶斯法),构建了化合物BCF的分类预测模型,所有模型均采用独立外部验证集进行验证。其中,使用Chemo Typer分子指纹结合支持向量机方法得到的二分类模型,整体预测准确度最好,达到了85.4%。通过采用信息增益、频率分析等方法,进一步确定了化合物中易于引起生物富集的关键子结构,包括芳基氯、二芳基醚、氯代烷烃等。研究中所用到的方法为有毒化学品的生态风险评价提供了良好可靠的预测工具。     

Studying developmental neurotoxic effects of bisphenol A (BPA) using embryonic stem cells

There is little to no toxicity information regarding thousands of chemicals to which people are exposed daily. In fact, of the 84,000 chemicals listed in the United States Toxic Substances Control Act Inventory, there is limited information available on their effects on neural development (Betts, 2010 and US EPA, 2015). The number of chemicals tested remains low due to the high cost of conducting multi-generational animal studies and the lack of alternative testing methods.     

Assessment of Bisphenol A (BPA) neurotoxicity in vitro with mouse embryonic stem cells

The adverse effects of environmental pollution on our well-being have been intensively studied with many in vitro and in vivo systems. In our group, we focus on stem cell toxicology due to the multitude of embryonic stem cell (ESC) properties which can be exerted in toxicity assays. In fact, ESCs can differentiate in culture to mimic embryonic development in vivo, or specifically to virtually any kind of somatic cells. Here, we used the toxicant Bisphenol A (BPA), a chemical known as a hazard to infants and children, and showed that our stem cell toxicology system was able to efficiently recapitulate most of the toxic effects of BPA previously detected by in vitro system or animal tests. More precisely, we demonstrated that BPA affected the proper specification of germ layers during our in vitro mimicking of the embryonic development, as well as the establishment of neural ectoderm and neural progenitor cells.     

THE CASE FOR DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE TO HAZARDOUS MATERIALS1

ABSTRACT: Direct measurement of response thresholds of complex biological systems to toxic chemicals is now possible using microcosms and other simulation techniques. Extrapolation to no-observable response using application factors and data from single species toxicity tests is less precise than direct measurements.     

TOXIC EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM AND SHALE JP-4 AND JP-8 AVIATION FUELS ON FATHEAD MINNOWS1

ABSTRACT: Static 96-hour median lethal concentrations were determined for the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of both petroleum-derived and shale-derived avaiation fuels (JP-4 and JP-8) using fathead minnows. JP-8 was more toxic than JP-4 except for one shale JP-4 sample that was as toxic as the JP-8. Petroleum and shale JP-8 were similar in toxicity. The toxicity of shale JP-4 was less clear. Shale JP-4 from three vendor sources revealed differing toxicity values. One shale JP-4 sample was more toxic and one less toxic than its petroleum analogue, with the third being equally toxic. Toxicity of the fuels may be enhanced by compounds in the WSF that correspond to chemicals containing 10 or more carbon atoms.     

基因芯片在环境毒理学研究中的应用进展

基因芯片可以将大量的DNA信息集成到 1cm2 左右的芯片上 ,对生命信息具有大规模平行处理的能力 ,为环境毒理学研究提供了一个理想的平台。基因芯片可以精确地完成污染物对人类基因表达影响的分析 ,并对污染物进行分类与分级 ,筛选毒物靶标和确定毒性机理。本文描述了基因芯片技术、毒理学应用研究现状及应用前景。引用文献 2 9篇。     

火灾中建材燃烧毒性的试验研究

通过探讨火灾中燃烧毒性对人体的危害和分析国外主要的毒性研究方法，研制了毒气热分解仪并对部分有一定代表性的建材进行了实测研究。根据研究结果提出了相应的结论意见。     

Variability of the Integrated Biochemical Index in Fish Exposed to Technogenic Water of Mining and Ore-Processing Works

The hazard presented to aquatic animals by technogenic waters from mining and ore processing works, with an abnormally high potassium content and alkaline pH, was studied in experiments with fish using the integrated biochemical index (IBI) allowing an aggregate estimation of changes in the animal organism. The results showed that the IBI value directly depends on the extent of technogenic pollution, as well as on the species and age of fish.