龙口煤矿区土壤重金属污染评价与空间分布特征

以龙口市北部煤矿区为研究区,采集36个表层土壤样本,对Cd、As、Ni、Pb和Cr这5种重金属含量进行测定,利用地统计分析、主成分分析、加权平均综合污染评价等方法,结合GIS技术分别对5种重金属含量的空间分布特征、污染来源、综合污染程度进行了探索分析.结果表明,土壤样本中5种重金属富集现象显著,以国家土壤环境质量二级标准为背景值,超标率分别达到72.22%、100%、100%、91.67%、100%.样本重金属含量均值全部超过国家二级标准,分别为背景值的1.53、11.86、2.40、1.31、4.09倍;且远远高于山东省东部地区表层土壤背景值,含量倍数分别为9.85、39.98、8.85、4.29与12.71倍.基于半变异函数模型分析得出,块金效应从高到低依次为As(0.644)Cd(0.627)Cr(0.538)Ni(0.411)Pb(0.294),均属中等空间相关性,重金属含量空间分布呈现中部桑园煤矿及其周围含量最高,东部与西部含量较低的特征.经主成分分析发现,Cd、As、Ni和Cr主要来源于污水灌溉、工业企业排放和工业活动;汽车尾气与煤炭燃烧是Pb的主要污染源.单因子污染程度评价显示,不同重金属污染程度依次为AsCrNiCdPb.综合污染程度评价显示,研究区土壤重金属综合污染程度较高,综合污染指数范围处于2.17~4.66之间,中度污染与重度污染样本分别为10个和26个,重度污染地区主要分布在桑园煤矿、北皂煤矿、柳海煤矿区域,中度污染地区包括洼里煤矿、梁家煤矿等区域.本文研究结果将为在研究区开展生态风险评估研究工作提供数据参考与理论支持.     

红壤丘陵区冬季大气湿沉降化学特征及森林冠层对其截留作用机制

通过对亚热带千烟洲流域的冬季湿沉降化学特征及森林穿透雨进行研究,揭示亚热带流域森林冠层对大气湿沉降中的营养元素(C、N、P、S)及金属元素(K、Ca、Na、Mg、Al、Fe、Mn、Zn)的截留与作用机制.结果表明:1亚热带丘陵区冬季大气湿沉降以酸沉降为主,p H变化范围在3.49~7.0之间,冬季酸沉降离子中以SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-为主,其月平均沉降通量分别为4.68 kg·hm~(-2)和0.36 kg·hm~(-2),痕量金属元素中以Zn、K、Ca沉降为主,其沉降通量分别为1.72、0.56、0.36 kg·hm~(-2);2森林林冠对溶解性有机碳(DOC)、溶解性总氮(DTN)、总磷(TP)以及痕量元素Ca、Mg、Mn有明显的截留与离释作用,离释百分比达到64.69%、206.75%、301.38%、137.94%、405.25%、1 226.60%;而对Zn、SO2-4具有很好的吸收作用,吸收百分比为73.50%和12.51%,显著降低了亚热带流域冬季酸沉降对土壤生态系统的危害.     

基于MonteCarlo模拟的土壤重金属综合风险评价与案例分析

基于不确定性理论,将Monte Carlo模拟计算应用到土壤重金属风险评价中,构建了生态风险和健康风险的随机不确定模型,结合多元统计方法进行实例研究.结果表明,研究区土壤Cd、Co和Cr污染水平较高,主要富集在建矿时间较长的工业园区;综合单因子指数和综合风险因子指数评价显示土壤重金属主要为轻度污染(相应概率分别为53.2%和55.6%);手-口摄入是研究区土壤重金属暴露的主要途径,Cr为主要致癌因子;儿童承担的健康风险较高,其非致癌风险指数分别为成人的5.0倍(手-口摄入途径)和8.2倍(皮肤暴露途径),两种暴露途径下其致癌风险指数均高于USEPA推荐的安全水平.     

工业场地重金属污染土壤异位稳定化修复工程

工业企业的搬迁遗留了很多污染场地,土壤中的重金属是主要的污染物。主要介绍了我国东部地区某金属加工厂重金属污染土壤修复工程,包括施工前的准备、施工工艺、修复后土壤的养护、二次污染防治和工程项目验收等。工程的成功实施表明异位稳定化技术处理重金属污染土壤是有效的,可为其他同类工程项目的实施提供借鉴和参考。     

Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Muscle with Relation to the Growth of Two Marine Fish Species

Heavy metal concentrations in muscle and their relation to thegrowth of two marine fish species,including tonguefish( Cynoglossus arel) and mullet( Mugil cephalus),were studied. The samples were collected in Bach Dang estuary andconcentrations of heavy metals( As,Cd,Co,Mn,Cu,Zn,Pb,and V) in muscle of the fisheswere determined. The result showed that the accumulated trend of heavy metal is different between fish species. The concentration of As,Zn,Mn,V,Cu,Pb,Co and Cd in tonguefish were 73. 7 ± 30. 6,22. 82 ± 4.87,3. 44 ± 2. 13,1. 61 ± 0. 15,0. 71 ± 0. 13,0. 45 ± 0. 24,0. 03 ± 0. 02 and 0. 02 ± 0. 02 mg·g-1,respectively. Meanwhile the concentration of Zn,As,V,Mn,Cu,Pb,Co and Cd in mullet were 83. 41 ±19. 68,9. 78 ± 1. 92,1. 36 ± 0. 54,1. 29 ± 0. 51,0. 65 ± 0. 12,0. 42 ± 0. 20,0. 06 ± 0. 03 and0. 03 ± 0. 01mg·g-1,respectively. Comparison of metal levels among thesespecies indicated that the concentrations of As and Mn in tonguefish were significantly higher than those in mullet,whereas Zn levels in mullet were found to be higher than that in tonguefish. There is no significant differences of Cd,Co,Cu,Pb and V levels in muscle between two species. Significant inversed relationshipsbetween concentration levels of metals and lengths of tonguefish were found for Mn,Cu and Zn,butnot for As,Cd,Pb,and V. There were no significant relationships between the heavy metal concentrations and the length of mullet. In general,decreasesof the heavy metal concentrations corresponded to the increases of fish body lengths,particularly for As,Co,Cu,Mn and V and the exception for Cd. Terefore reduced risks were associated with consuming biggermullet fish,and increased risks of As and Cd were associated with consuming bigger tonguefish in Bach Dang river mouth.     

黄河中下游干流沉积物中重金属的赋存形态及其生态风险

在黄河中下游干流采集6个表层沉积物样品,采用Han和Banin连续提取法提取并采用ICP-MS和ICP-OES测定不同化学形态的Pb、Cu、Cd、Cr、Ni、Zn、Mn含量,在计算重金属富集因子、迁移系数、次生相和原生相分布比值的基础上,对重金属赋存形态、迁移能力、生物活性、污染状况和潜在生态风险进行了研究.结果表明,黄河中下游干流表层沉积物中重金属元素含量沿河流向先增加后降低,高含量点位出现在汜水汇入黄河后,支流的输入对黄河重金属含量具有较为明显的贡献.形态分析研究表明,Pb、Cu、Cr、Zn、Ni等5种重金属残渣态在其不同形态中有绝对优势,Cd可浸取态占明显优势,Mn的残渣态与可浸取态所占比例相当.富集因子分析表明,黄河中下游表层沉积物中重金属可分为3类:Cu、Cr、Mn基本无富集,Pb、Ni、Zn轻度富集,Cd中度到极高度富集;迁移系数研究表明黄河中下游表层沉积物重金属迁移系数和生物活性顺序为MnCdZnNiPbCuCr.次生相原生相比值法表明Cu、Cr、Ni、Zn无污染,Pb在3点位轻度污染,其它点位无污染,Mn在1、3、6点位轻度污染,其它点位无污染.综合各种评价方法,Cd是黄河中下游沉积物中污染程度最高的重金属,具有潜在生态风险,应引起重视.     

Reclamation with phytoremediation of area affected by sewage sludge at the Thessaloniki Wastewater Treatment Plant in Sindos (Greece)

The present research focused on the experimental investigation of phytoreclamation of areas affected by sewage sludge disposal and improving the quality of the sludge. It was conducted in two stages: laboratory and pilot applications. This paper reports on the first stage, which tested, under greenhouse conditions, the possibility of using various species of plants cultivated in the sludge from the Thessaloniki Wastewater Treatment Plant (ThWWTP, Greece) with different amendments. The results of the 30-day experiment showed that the quality of the output sludge material varied significantly in comparison to the input sludge material. These variations were considered as positive, as the output sludge obtained texture and structure, aeration conditions were improved, and the content of some trace metals, excess nutrients (e.g., P), and salts (of Na) were reduced. These were all influenced by both the type of treatment and the plant species used. In conclusion, the best treatments, T1, T3, and T4 (soil/sludge mixture 70%/30%, soil/sludge/gravel mixture 50%/25%/25%, and soil/sludge/gravel mixture 45%/45%/10%, respectively), and the best suited plant species, Helianthus annuus L. and Zea mays L., were proposed to be used in the pilot application (in situ) at the site within the ThWWTP.     

Disruption of iron homeostasis and resultant health effects upon exposure to various environmental pollutants: A critical review

Environmental pollution has become one of the greatest problems in the world, and the concerns about environmental pollutants released by human activities from agriculture and industrial production have been continuously increasing. Although intense efforts have been made to understand the health effects of environmental pollutants, most studies have only focused on direct toxic effects and failed to simultaneously evaluate the long-term adaptive, compensatory and secondary impacts on health. Burgeoning evidence suggests that environmental pollutants may directly or indirectly give rise to disordered element homeostasis, such as for iron. It is crucially important to maintain concerted cellular and systemic iron metabolism. Otherwise, disordered iron metabolism would lead to cytotoxicity and increased risk for various diseases, including cancers. Thus, study on the effects of environmental pollutants upon iron homeostasis is urgently needed. In this review, we recapitulate the available findings on the direct or indirect impacts of environmental pollutants, including persistent organic pollutants (POPs), heavy metals and pesticides, on iron homeostasis and associated adverse health problems. In view of the unanswered questions, more efforts are warranted to investigate the disruptive effects of environmental pollutants on iron homeostasis and consequent toxicities.     

基于模糊专家系统的垃圾焚烧底灰重金属污染风险评价

垃圾焚烧处理技术可以实现城市生活垃圾减量化,但底灰中重金属的存在与迁移转化会形成持续的潜在风险。针对重金属Cu、Cr、Pb和Cr对环境的潜在风险进行分析,将模糊专家系统引入潜在生态风险指数法中。首先将重金属的富集系数作为输入,然后应用知识库和推理机制来实现重金属对环境危害快速、不确定信息的准确推理,最后对城市生活垃圾焚烧底灰中重金属对环境的潜在风险进行评价。实验结果验证,该方法能够更快速、准确地做出适当的决定,为底灰的安全处置和再利用提供理论基础。     

Particle size distribution and characteristics of heavy metals in road-deposited sediments from Beijing Olympic Park

Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, heavy metals in road-deposited sediments(RDSs) of parks are emitted into the terrestrial, atmospheric, and water environment, and have a severe impact on residents' and tourists' health. To identify the distribution and characteristic of heavy metals in RDS and to assess the road environmental quality in Chinese parks, samples were collected from Beijing Olympic Park in the present study. The results indicated that particles with small grain size(150 μm) were the dominant fraction. The length of dry period was one of the main factors affecting the particle size distribution, as indicated by the variation of size fraction with the increase of dry days. The amount of heavy metal(i.e., Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd) content was the largest in particles with small size(150 μm) among all samples. Specifically, the percentage of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in these particles was 74.7%, 55.5%, 56.6% and 71.3%, respectively.Heavy metals adsorbed in sediments may mainly be contributed by road traffic emissions. The contamination levels of Pb and Cd were higher than Cu and Zn on the basis of the mean heavy metal contents. Specifically, the geoaccumulation index(I geo) decreased in the order:CdPbCuZn. This study analyzed the mobility of heavy metals in sediments using partial sequential extraction with the Tessier procedure. The results revealed that the apparent mobility and potential metal bioavailability of heavy metals in the sediments, based on the exchangeable and carbonate fractions, decreased in the order: CdZn≈PbCu.