环境技术贸易措施对外贸影响浅析

简述了环境技术贸易措施的发展和表现形式,针对对中国贸易带来的负面影响,在分析困难的基础上提出建议措施.     

国际贸易中的环境要项

环境要素在流动性决定了国际间环境与贸易的紧密联系。随着世界快速的经济一体化，将环境要项纳入国际贸易的规范、条款已势在必行。文章分析了环境成本内在化和ＩＳＯ１４０００的实质，它们的内在联系及在国际贸易中的作用和影响，提出了将ＩＳＯ１４０００作为实施环境成本内在化的参照规则的合理、可行性。     

绿色贸易壁垒与中国出口贸易

介绍绿色贸易壁垒的主要内容，分析绿色贸易壁垒对中国出口贸易的影响，并提出了一系列的对应策略与措施。     

有机食品的发展现状及趋势探讨

介绍了有机食品的概念,分析了国际有机食品运动的发展方向、推动因素和市场潜力,预测今后几年内全球有机产品市场的年平均发展速率为15％－20％。同时,还分析了我国发展有机食品的国际环境、农业基础和发展模式,认为发展有机农业和有机食品是跨越绿色贸易壁垒的良策,国内的消费市场潜力和空间巨大,预测到2010年,我国有机食品占国内食品市场的比例可望达到1.0%-1.5%,占全球有机食品市场的份额则可望达到3.0%。     

Is there a relationship between soil and groundwater toxicity?

Part IIA of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 requires environmental regulators to assess the risk of contaminants leaching from soils into groundwater (DETR, 1999). This newly introduced legislation assumes a link between soil and groundwater chemistry, in which rainwater leaches contaminants from soil into the saturated zone. As the toxicity of both groundwater and overlying soils is dependent upon the chemicals present, their partitioning and their bioavailability, similar patterns of soil, leachates and groundwater toxicity should be observed at contaminated sites. Soil and groundwater samples were collected from different contaminated land sites in an urban area, and used to determine relationships between soil chemistry and toxicity, mobility of contaminants, and groundwater chemistry and toxicity. Soils were leached using water to mimic rainfall, and both the soils and leachates tested using bioassays. Soil bioassays were carried out using Eisenia fetida, whilst groundwater and leachates were tested using the Microtox^{trade" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">} test system and Daphnia magna 48 h acute tests. Analysis of the bioassay responses demonstrated that a number of the samples were toxic to test organisms, however, there were no significant statistical relationships between soil, groundwater and leachate toxicity. Nor were there significant correlations between soil, leachates and groundwater chemistry.     

企业排污权交易的可行性分析

从闵行区企业排污权交易的实例出发,用"产权"理论模拟用经济手段对黄浦江某段水域的污染控制与治理,进而分析了在实际运用排污权交易控制污染时会面临的3种情况,论证了排污权交易的可行性。     

基于复杂网络的全球稻米贸易格局演化及其启示

运用复杂网络分析方法,采用2000—2016年国际贸易关系数据构建了全球稻米贸易网络,分析了全球稻米网络格局演化特征及中国在全球稻米贸易格局中的角色变化。研究发现：（1）2000—2016年全球稻米贸易网络规模不断扩大、相互依赖性加深,网络结构的异质性特征明显,核心节点对网络稳定性有控制作用;（2）印度、泰国、中国、越南、巴基斯坦、美国是网络核心节点,东南亚、南亚、东亚地区保持着全球稻米贸易核心区地位;（3）全球稻米贸易网络划分为六个主要组团,地理临近是组团格局形成的重要因素,组团内部呈现出口国主导、进口国跟随的特征;（4）中国作为全球最大的稻米进口国家,进口来源相对稳定。建议今后我国继续挖掘全球稻米贸易潜力,充分发挥贸易网络的优势,在风险可控前提下,增加进口、优化出口,提高贸易网络的复杂性,从而提升安全保障能力。     

全行业口径下中国区域间贸易隐含虚拟水的转移测算

区域间贸易隐含虚拟水转移对于地区水资源科学利用和水资源管理政策制定具有重要的现实意义。本文利用水资源扩展型MRIO模型和中国区域间投入产出表,基于全行业口径对中国区域间贸易隐含虚拟水转移进行了测算,重点从区域间贸易隐含虚拟水转移的整体现状、主要流向、产业分解及对地区水资源影响等四个方面进行了分析。本文研究发现:1动态来看,东北区域、中部区域和南部沿海区域虚拟水净流出情况发生逆转,西北区域和西南区域始终为虚拟水净流出地区;2中国各地区间贸易隐含虚拟水转移量显著增加,东北地区和西北地区对外转移虚拟水增长幅度较大,中部地区与其它地区间的虚拟水转移量明显多于其它区域间的虚拟水转移量;总体来说,中国各地区的贸易隐含虚拟水转移存在由北向南、由西向东的两条转移路径;3各地区主要的贸易隐含虚拟水流出行业具有明显的行业共性,各地区主要的贸易隐含虚拟水流出行业存在区域差异,中部地区为主要的建筑业虚拟水输入地区,京津地区为主要的服务业虚拟水输出地区;4南部地区虚拟水流出占本地水资源的比重低于北部地区,东部地区虚拟水流入占本地完全消耗水资源的比重高于西部地区。本文的政策启示在于,中国应该重视贸易隐含虚拟水对节约地区水资源的重要作用,建立科学的各地区节水型产业结构,改进目前并不合理的区域间贸易结构。     

Assessing the extent and nature of wildlife trade on the dark web

Use of the internet as a trade platform has resulted in a shift in the illegal wildlife trade. Increased scrutiny of illegal wildlife trade has led to concerns that online trade of wildlife will move onto the dark web. To provide a baseline of illegal wildlife trade on the dark web, we downloaded and archived 9852 items (individual posts) from the dark web, then searched these based on a list of 121 keywords associated with illegal online wildlife trade, including 30 keywords associated with illegally traded elephant ivory on the surface web. Results were compared with items known to be illegally traded on the dark web, specifically cannabis, cocaine, and heroin, to compare the extent of the trade. Of these 121 keywords, 4 resulted in hits, of which only one was potentially linked to illegal wildlife trade. This sole case was the sale and discussion of Echinopsis pachanoi (San Pedro cactus), which has hallucinogenic properties. This negligible level of activity related to the illegal trade of wildlife on the dark web relative to the open and increasing trade on the surface web may indicate a lack of successful enforcement against illegal wildlife trade on the surface web.