Performance of a hybrid anaerobic-contact oxidation biofilm baffled reactor for the treatment of decentralized molasses wastewater

A novel hybrid anaerobic-contact oxidation biofilm baffled reactor （HAOBR） was developed to simultaneously remove nitrogenous and carbonaceous organic pollutants from decentralized molasses wastewater in the study. The study was based on the inoculation of anaerobic granule sludge in anaerobic compartments and the installation of combination filler in aerobic compartments. The performance of reactor system was studied regarding the hydraulic retention time （HRT）, microbial characteristics and the gas water ratio （GWR）. When the HRT was 24h and the GWR was 20：1, total ammonia and chemical oxygen demand （COD） of the effluent were reduced by 99% and 91.8%, respectively. The reactor performed stably for treating decentralized molasses wastewater. The good performance of the reactor can be attributed to the high resistance of COD and hydraulic shock loads. In addition, the high solid retention time of contact oxidation biofilm contributed to stable performance of the reactor.     

Organic matter balances in anaerobic digestors

Organic carbon and COD balances in a system of 12 anaerobic units operating at organic loading levels 0.4–0.8 kg COD/m³.d and hydraulic detention times 8–20 d resulted in a mean CH₄ production of 341 ml/g COD converted and a mean CH₄ + CO₂ production 1815 ml/g OC converted. The gas retained in the liquid anaerobic effluent was mainly carbon dioxide (94–98%).     

沸石生物基材料促进污泥消化工艺研究

将活化沸石在厌氧状态下进行生物膜挂膜,制成沸石生物基材料并将其运用于城市剩余污泥消化中,研究沸石生物材料促进污泥厌氧消化的效果。结果表明:沸石生物基材料对污泥总固体量和挥发性固体都有较好的去除效果,去除率分别在50.4%～62.8%和56.8%～81.4%,其中粒径为200目的风干沸石生物基材料对污泥总固体减重率高达62.8%;对污泥上清液中氨氮和COD的去除效果明显且稳定,沸石生物基材料在风干状态下对污泥消化的促进效果更佳。     

ASBR反应器厌氧氨氧化脱氮II:反应动力学

研究了ASBR厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)反应器稳定条件下周期内的基质动力学特性以及过程抑制动力学特性,并得到适合描述上述特性的动力学模型.其中,稳态下周期内基质去除模型是首次被调查研究,研究发现,修正的Logistic模型和修正的Boltzmann模型相比Grau二级基质去除模型和修正的Gompertz模型而言,更适合描述稳态下周期内基质去除特性,并且通过模型得到了周期内任意t时刻下的出水总氮和总氮去除率预测公式.运用Haldane模型和Aiba模型建立了出水FA浓度与总氮去除负荷(TN RR)以及出水NO2--N浓度与总氮去除负荷(TN RR)之间的关系,结果表明:Haldane模型更适合用来描述基质抑制动力学特性,模型预测得到的出水FA和出水NO2--N抑制浓度分别为72.36mg/L和140.60mg/L.上述动力学模型的应用和动力学参数的获得可能会有助于ASBR反应器的优化设计和过程控制.     

污泥厌氧消化和后续处理中沙门氏菌杀灭及VBNC发生

应用最大或然数(MPN)培养法和反转录定量PCR(RT-qPCR)技术研究了4种污泥厌氧消化方式以及后续处理过程中沙门氏菌杀灭及有活性但不可培养(VBNC)状态的发生情况.中温厌氧消化(MAD)和高温预处理后中温消化(65℃+MAD)的沙门氏菌分别减少了2.8和5.6个数量级;高温厌氧消化(TAD)和高温-中温两相厌氧消化(TPAD)的沙门氏菌含量均低于检测限.沙门氏菌的杀灭速率常数排序为65℃+MAD>TAD>TPAD> MAD.结果显示高温对病原菌的灭活效果显著增加,高温短时预处理使得杀灭速率明显加快.TAD和TPAD的污泥VBNC沙门氏菌数量高于MAD和65℃+MAD 2个数量级,表明长时间的高温厌氧消化易导致沙门氏菌进入VBNC状态.消化污泥经过离心脱水后会出现沙门氏菌数量增加的现象,MAD、65℃+MAD、TAD和TPAD的消化污泥中沙门氏菌分别增加了1.1、2.4、3.7和2.5个数量级.但其中VBNC状态的沙门氏菌数量明显降低了1~3个数量级,表明消化后污泥中部分VBNC沙门氏菌在离心脱水过程中复活并生长,使得MPN检测得到的可培养沙门氏菌数量增加,初步解释了消化污泥经离心脱水后的病原菌再生长现象.消化污泥中沙门氏菌数量在室温放置过程中会进一步下降.     

Biological treatment of the dye Reactive Blue 19 by cattails and anaerobic bacterial consortia

This study demonstrates the bioremediation potential of anaerobic sludge and cattail (Typha angustifolia) for the treatment of the dye Reactive Blue 19 (RB19). The anaerobic sludge and cattails used in this study were not previously exposed to dyes or other xenobiotics. Different anaerobic sludge concentrations (30%, 50%, and 70%) were used along fixed dye concentrations at pH 8.0 and 25 °C. Subsequently, 50% sludge was selected to treat RB19 at various concentrations. The discoloration of non-hydrolyzed dye was between 70% and 85% using 50% biomass. For the hydrolyzed form of RB19, the range of decoloration was 70%–90%. Dye treatment efficiencies between 50% and 75% were observed for the two forms of the dye when treated with T. angustifolia. Overall, the anaerobic biomass at pH 8.0 showed better potential than cattails to treat RB19. The observation that non-enriched anaerobic sludge can decolorize RB19 is important because it opens up the prospects of developing anaerobic treatment systems, which can easily decolorize dyes in industrial wastewaters and also possesses potential advantages over systems using defined bacterial cultures.     

Comparison of sample digestion procedures for the determination of trace elements in antarctic krill by GF‐AAS

Two independent digestion procedures for Antarctic krill samples were compared. Dry ashing (DA) and microwave (MW) acid‐assisted digestion were tested for decomposing the samples to determine essential (Cu, Fe, Cr) and toxic elements (Cd, Pb) by graphite furnace‐atomic absorption spectrometry (GF‐AAS). A mixture of HNO₃ and H₂O₂ as digesting agent was used in the microwave procedure. For the dry ashing digestion, the organic matter was oxidated at 480°C in an open system. Both digestion methods were compared in terms of accuracy and applied to the analysis of a certified reference material: MURST‐ISS‐A2 (Antarctic krill).

The detection limits for the five elements analysed ranged from 3 to 150 ng g^‐1. Both digestion procedures are suitable for the decomposition of krill samples. However, dry ashing is not recommended to determine Pb and Cd because losses can occur.     

A comparative evaluation of wet digestion and dry ashing methods for the determination of some major and minor nutrients in composted manure

The analytical results of 53 manure samples determined by wet digestion and dry ashing procedures were compared in order to evaluate their relative suitability for recovering different nutrient elements in manure and manure compost. Wet digestion recovered greater amounts of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in more samples than dry ashing. Nutrient contents in the samples were highly variable, with coefficients of variation (CV) ranging from 38% for magnesium (Mg) to 161% for copper (Cu) analyzed by the wet digestion procedure, and from 47% to 138% for Mg and Cu analyzed by the dry ashing procedure. The mean values of P, K, Ca, Mn, and Zn averaged for the 53 samples were significantly higher using wet digestion than dry ashing procedure, but both procedures recovered comparable amounts of iorn (Fe), Mg, and Cu. Correlations analysis between both procedures for each element showed reasonable to fair agreements for Ca (R ²?=?0.93), K (R ²?=?0.93), P (R ²?=?0.90), Mg (R ²?=?0.84), Fe (R ²?=?0.87), Mn (R ²?=?0.73), and Cu (R ²?=?0.66), but poor agreement for Zn (R ²?=?0.44). The low agreement between procedures for Zn suggests that wet digestion, which gave a higher recovery, should be a preferred procedure for analyzing Zn in manures.     

Anaerobic decolorization of an azo dye by a mixed culture

Wool dyeing wastewater contains xenobiotic compounds that can be removed by biotechnological processes. Studies on various dyes showed that anaerobic processes are suitable to alter azo dyes as a first step of the biodegradation process. These compounds are reduced by anaerobic consortia to aromatic amines and its ultimate degradation can be achieved by a further aerobic treatment.

Studies on degradation rate of an wool acid dye were performed in batch systems inoculated with anaerobic biomass. A commercial diazo dye, Acid Red 73, was added to the synthetic medium in which glucose was used as sole carbon source.

Results indicated that the Acid Red 73 was partially degraded by a mixed culture of anaerobic bacteria and a decolorization of 90% was obtained. Kinetics studies on removal of the colour showed that the decolorization rate was several times faster than the degradation rate of glucose for a range of dye concentrations between 60 mg/L and 400 mg/L. A first order kinetic model was used for dye concentrations up to 200 mg/L. For higher concentrations a model similar to the Michaelis‐Menten equation was better fitted to the experimental data.     

Performance of an ANAMMOX reactor treating wastewater generated by antibiotic and starch production processes

A pilot-scale anaerobic ammonia oxidation (ANAMMOX) reactor was used to treat mixed wastewater resulting from a chlortetracycline and starch production process. The results, collected over the course of 272 days, show that the ratio of influent ammonium to nitrite, pH, and temperature can all affect the efficiency of nitrogen removal. The ratio of influent ammonium to nitrite was maintained at about 1:1 at a concentration below 200 mg·L^-1 for both influent ammonium and nitrite. The total nitrogen (TN) loading rate was 0.15–0.30 kgN·m^-3·d^-1, pH remained at 7.8–8.5, and temperature was recorded at 33±1°C. The rate of removal of ammonia, nitrite, and TN were over 90%, 90%, and 80%, and the effluent ammonium, nitrite and TN concentrations were below 50, 30, and 100 mg·L^-1.