三峡库区汛期极端降水非均匀性特征

利用极端降水量集中度和集中期讨论三峡库区汛期极端降水量的非均匀性分布特征。结果表明: 三峡库区极端降水量空间分布表现为西南部和东北部地区相对较少,中部、东南部相对较多。库区汛期极端降水集中度和集中期的空间差异不大,集中程度总体较差,东北部和西部地区极端降水相对集中,中部相对分散。库区极端降水主要集中在6月底和7月上中旬,东北部和西部偏西地区集中期相对较晚,中部地区集中期相对较早。库区汛期极端降水量的分配状况与同期极端降水量存在较好的关系,即极端降水量越少,则极端降水量越集中、集中期越早;反之极端降水量越多,则极端降水量越分散、集中期越晚,尤其是在库区东北部地区最为显著。三峡库区蓄水后极端降水集中程度在空间上一致性较好,表现为蓄水后更为分散;极端降水量和集中期则在空间上差异显著,大致表现为蓄水后东北部极端降水增加并延迟;西南部极端降水减少并提前     

伴矿景天汁液中重金属形态及絮凝沉淀效果优化

超积累植物伴矿景天在镉污染土壤修复方面展现出广泛的应用前景,而收获后鲜样的快速脱水处置是目前急需解决的问题。采用连续浸提法研究了伴矿景天植株中重金属浓度及形态,正交实验探讨了汁液在絮凝沉淀过程中重金属及化学需氧量(COD)的去除效果及其影响因素,Cd离子选择电极测定了汁液处理前后镉形态变化。结果表明,伴矿景天植株中Cd、Pb主要以活性较低的盐提取态和酸提取态存在,Zn主要以活性较高的乙醇提取态和去离子水提取态存在;汁液中离子态Cd约占总浓度的20%,其余主要为非离子态;絮凝沉淀可有效去除汁液COD和重金属,优选条件pH为10,聚合氯化铝(PAC)投加量2%,搅拌速度为400 r·min-1,该条件下汁液Cd、Pb、Zn和COD去除率分别为81.9%、77.0%、76.4%和55.0%。汁液经絮凝沉淀后,Cd总浓度降低到0.23 mg·L-1,且主要为非离子态。伴矿景天汁液中重金属的形态对汁液的絮凝沉淀效果有较大影响,有机螯合态重金属难以通过絮凝沉淀彻底去除,而离子态重金属在絮凝沉淀中更容易被去除。     

钠型丝光沸石去除猪场废水中营养元素的试验研究

以钠型丝光沸石为试验材料进行猪场废水同步脱氮除磷研究,考察了沸石投加量、吸附时间、pH、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺浓度对钠型丝光沸石同步去除氨氮和磷的影响。结果表明,在沸石投加量为300 g/L,pH为8.0～9.0,吸附时间为4 h的条件下,钠型丝光沸石对氨氮的去除率达到92%,对磷的去除率达到86%。随着pH的升高,氨氮和磷的去除率均先升高再降低,氨氮的去除率在pH为8.0时达到最高,为90%;磷的去除率在pH为9.0时达到最高,为85%。Ca²⁺浓度的增加对沸石去除氨氮的影响不大,但对磷的去除效果影响较显著,在P与Ca的摩尔比为1:6,pH为9.0时,磷的去除率达到88%。Mg²⁺浓度的增加对沸石去除氨氮和磷的效果影响较显著,在P与Mg的摩尔比为1:4,pH为10.0时,废水中氨氮和磷的去除率达到93%和91%。     

VERIFICATION OF THE RHEA-OROGRAPHIC-PRECIPITATION MODEL1

ABSTRACT: Observed April 1 snowpack accumulations within and near the Gunnison River basin in southwestern Colorado are compared with simulations from the Rhea-orographic-precipitation model to determine if the model simulates reliable magnitudes and temporal and spatial variability in winter precipitation for the basin. Twenty simulations of the Rhea model were performed using‘optimal’parameter sets determined for 10-kilometer (km) grids (10-km by 10-km grid cells) through stochastic calibration. Comparisons of Rhea-model simulations of winter precipitation with April 1 snowpack accumulations at 32 snowcourse stations were performed for the years 1972–1990. For most stations and most years the Rhea model reliably simulates the temporal and spatial variability in April 1 snowpack accumulations. However, in general, the Rhea-model underestimates April 1 snowpack accumulations in the Gunnison River basin area, and the underestimation is greatest for locations that receive the largest amount of snow. A significant portion of the error in Rhea-model simulations is due to the calibration of the Rhea model using gauge-catch precipitation measurements which can be as much as 50 percent below actual snowfall accumulations. Additional error in the Rhea-model simulations is a result of the comparison of gridded precipitation values to observed values measured at points.     

660MW超超临界燃煤机组袋式除尘器的设计

简介了660MW超超临界燃煤机组袋式除尘器的技术性能参数;阐述了袋式除尘器的设计方案及系统组成,以及除尘器除尘室间的气流分配、除尘室内的气流分布以及气流分布合理的重要性;引用运行数据说明除尘器工艺参数、结构参数、气流分配及气流分布设计的合理性.     

Evaluating Infiltration Requirements for New Development Using Extreme Storm Transposition: A Case Study from Dane County,WI

Changes in land use and extreme rainfall trends can lead to increased flood vulnerability in many parts of the world, especially for urbanized watersheds. This study investigates the performance of existing stormwater management strategies for the Upper Yahara watershed in Dane County, WI to determine whether they are adequate to protect urban and suburban development from an extreme rainfall. Using extreme storm transposition, we model the performance of the stormwater infiltration practices required for new development under current county ordinances. We find during extreme rainfall the volume of post‐development runoff from impervious surfaces from a typical site would increase by over 55% over pre‐development conditions. We recommend the ordinance be strengthened to reduce vulnerability to flooding from future urban expansion and the likely increase in the magnitude and frequency of extreme storms.     

Testing and Improving Temperature Thresholds for Snow and Rain Prediction in the Western United States

The phase of precipitation at the land surface is critical to determine the timing and amount of water available for hydrological and ecological systems. However, there are few techniques to directly observe the precipitation phase and many prediction tools apply a single temperature threshold (e.g., 0°C) to determine phase. In this paper, we asked two questions: (1) what is the accuracy of default and station optimized daily temperature thresholds for predicting precipitation phase and (2) what are the regions and conditions in which typical temperature‐based precipitation phase predictions are most suited. We developed a ground truth dataset of rain vs. snow using an expert decision‐making system based on precipitation, snow depth, and snow water equivalent observations. This dataset was used to evaluate the accuracy of three temperature‐threshold‐based techniques of phase classification. Optimizing the temperature threshold improved the prediction of precipitation phase by 34% compared to using 0°C threshold. Developing a temperature threshold based on station elevation improved the error by 12% compared with using the 0°C temperature threshold. We also found the probability of snow as a function of temperature differed among ecoregions, which suggests a varied response to future climate change. These results highlight a current weakness in our ability to predict the effects of regional warming that could have uneven impacts on water and ecological resources.     

SPATIAL VARIATIONS OF WATER LOSS DURING DROUGH A CASE STUDY1

ABSTRACT: A regional water conservation system for drought management involves many uncertain factors. Water received from precipitation may stay on the ground surface, evaporate back into the atmosphere, or infiltrate into the ground. Reliable estimates of the amount of evapotranspiration and infiltration are not available for a large basin, especially during periods of drought. By applying a geographic information system, this study develops procedures to investigate spatial variations of unavailable water for given levels of drought severity. Levels of drought severity are defined by truncated values of monthly precipitation and daily streamflow to reflect levels of water availability. The greater the truncation level, the lower the precipitation or streamflow. Truncation levels of monthly precipitation are recorded in depth of water while those of daily streamflow are converted into monthly equivalent water depths. Truncation levels of precipitation and streamflow treated as regionalized variables are spatially interpolated by the unbiased minimum variance estimation. The interpolated results are vector values of precipitation and streamflow at a grid of points covering the studied basin. They are then converted into raster‐based values and expressed graphically. The image subtraction operation is used to subtract the image of streamflow from that of precipitation at their corresponding level of drought severity. It is done on a cell‐by‐cell basis resulting in new attribute values to form the spatial image representing a spatial distribution of potential water loss at a given level of drought severity.     

Does the Temporal Resolution of Precipitation Input Influence the Simulated Hydrological Components Employing the SWAT Model?

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of sub‐daily precipitation time steps on model performance and hydrological components by applying the Green and Ampt infiltration method using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Precipitation was measured at a resolution of 0.1 mm and aggregated to 5‐, 15‐, 30‐, and 60‐min time steps. Daily discharge data over a 10‐year period were used to calibrate and validate the model. Following a global sensitivity analysis, relevant parameters were optimized through an automatic calibration procedure using SWAT‐CUP for each time step. Daily performance statistics were almost equal among all four time steps (NSE ≈ 0.47). Discharge mainly consisted of groundwater flow (55%) and tile flow (42%), in reasonable proportions for the investigated catchment. In conclusion, model outputs were almost identical, showing simulations responded nearly independently of the chosen precipitation time step. This held true for (1) the selection of sensitive parameters, (2) performance statistics, (3) the shape of the hydrographs, and (4) flow components. However, a scenario analysis revealed that the precipitation time step becomes important when saturated hydraulic conductivities are low and curve numbers are high. The study suggests that there is no need in using precipitation time steps <1 h for lowland catchments dominated by soils with a low surface runoff potential if daily flow values are being considered. Editor's note : This paper is part of the featured series on SWAT Applications for Emerging Hydrologic and Water Quality Challenges. See the February 2017 issue for the introduction and background to the series.     

Water Management Applications for Satellite Precipitation Products: Synthesis and Recommendations

This article is an assessment of the current state of the art and relative utility of satellite precipitation products (SPPs) for hydrologic applications to support water management decisions. We present a review of SPPs, their accuracy in diverse settings including the influence of geography, topography, and weather systems, as well as the pros and cons of their use for different water management applications. At the end of this broad synthesizing effort, recommendations are proposed for: (1) SPP developers to improve the quality, usability, and relevance of precipitation products; and (2) SPP users to improve the reliability of their predictions and hydrologic applications to better support water management.