黄土高原植被重建对小流域水循环的影响

在黄土高原,植被重建是减少水土流失改善区域生态环境的有效措施,因而植被重建对水分循环的影响成为黄土高原地区生态环境问题研究的核心。论文利用流域对比分析法,以位于甘肃省西峰市南小河沟流域的一条森林小流域和一条荒坡草地小流域为对象,通过对1956～2000年水文要素的监测和分析,得出:44年内森林植被累积减少地表径流37％;前15-20年内植被减流作用随树龄的增长而增加,后24～30年植被的减流作用几乎保持不变;月径流量的减少主要集中在6-9月份;森林小流域相对于对比小流域,44年内土壤含水量累积减少约222mm,平均每年减少5mm;而蒸散量相对荒坡草地流域累积增加了620mm,平均每年多蒸散14mm。     

长江上游径流量变化及其与影响因子关系分析

利用长江上游直门达水文站1963～2001年径流量及同期该流域气象资料,分析了长江上游径流量变化规律及其影响因子。研究表明:近40年来长江上游径流量呈减少趋势,其中以秋季径流量减少最为明显;长江上游流域夏季降水量减少、年平均气温升高和蒸发增大引起的气候干旱化趋势是造成径流量减少的主要原因,其中降水量是影响径流量的最主要因子;夏季降水量的减少与秋季径流量的减少关系密切,而秋季径流量的减少最终影响到了年径流量的减少。     

城市生态敏感性分析

在总结国内外对生态敏感性研究的基础上,应用生态因子评分方法和GIS技术对广州市城市生态系统进行敏感性区划,将广州市划分为最敏感区、敏感区、弱敏感区和非敏感区4个等级,其中北部林区多属于最敏感区,大部分园地属于敏感区,和水源相邻的耕地属于弱敏感区,其他分散的林地和未利用土地则属于非敏感区.并提出了相应的保护对策,为该市今后产业合理布局,区域生态环境保护提供科学依据.     

道路交通噪声预测模型研究进展

在介绍道路交通噪声预测模型的基本框架和主要考虑因素的基础上,较全面介绍了国内外道路交通噪声预测模型研究的最新进展.分析了预测模型方面存在的问题,并讨论了这一环境声学领域的未来发展方向.      

服务于城市旅游形象的景观规划--以南京市为例

分析了城市旅游形象与城市景观之间的关系,即城市旅游形象的塑造离不开城市景观的规划建设,城市景观的优化有助于提高城市旅游形象;提出服务于城市旅游形象的景观规划理念和原则。规划理念为体现城市旅游形象,显现城市三脉,提供城市旅游活动空间,创造城市旅游生态环境;规划原则以理念形象为核心,人地协调性、主题性与市场性相结合,特色性与风格统一性相结合。并对服务于城市旅游形象的景观规划结构要素和组成要素进行了研究,结构要素分为城市景观整体结构、特色城市景观带（区）和城市景观视觉识别系统;组成要素可分为硬质景观要素和软质景观要素。最后以南京市为例进行案例研究。     

Mainstreaming risk reduction in urban planning and housing: a challenge for international aid organisations

The effects of 'natural' disasters in cities can be worse than in other environments, with poor and marginalised urban communities in the developing world being most at risk. To avoid post-disaster destruction and the forced eviction of these communities, proactive and preventive urban planning, including housing, is required. This paper examines current perceptions and practices within international aid organisations regarding the existing and potential roles of urban planning as a tool for reducing disaster risk. It reveals that urban planning confronts many of the generic challenges to mainstreaming risk reduction in development planning. However, it faces additional barriers. The main reasons for the identified lack of integration of urban planning and risk reduction are, first, the marginal position of both fields within international aid organisations, and second, an incompatibility between the respective professional disciplines. To achieve better integration, a conceptual shift from conventional to non-traditional urban planning is proposed. This paper suggests related operative measures and initiatives to achieve this change.     

Characterisation of PM10, PM2.5 and Benzene Soluble Organic Fraction of Particulate Matter in an Urban Area of Kolkata, India

In this study, the relationship between inhalable particulate (PM₁₀), fine particulate (PM_2.5), coarse particles (PM_{2.5 – 10}) and meteorological parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind speed were statistically analyzed and modelled for urban area of Kolkata during winter months of 2003–2004. Ambient air quality was monitored with a sampling frequency of twenty-four hours at three monitoring sites located near traffic intersections and in an industrial area. The monitoring sites were located 3–5 m above ground near highly trafficked and congested areas. The 24 h average PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 samples were collected using Thermo-Andersen high volume samplers and exposed filter papers were extracted and analysed for benzene soluble organic fraction. The ratios between PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were found to be in the range of 0.6 to 0.92 and the highest ratio was found in the most polluted urban site. Statistical analysis has shown a strong positive correlation between PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 and inverse correlation was observed between particulate matter (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5) and wind speed. Statistical analysis of air quality data shows that PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 are showing poor correlation with temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation. Regression equations for PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 and meteorological parameters were developed. The organic fraction of particulate matter soluble in benzene is an indication of poly aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentration present in particulate matter. The relationship between the benzene soluble organic fraction (BSOF) of inhalable particulate (PM₁₀) and fine particulate (PM_2.5) were analysed for urban area of Kolkata. Significant positive correlation was observed between benzene soluble organic fraction of PM₁₀ (BSM10) and benzene soluble organic fraction of PM_2.5 (BSM2.5). Regression equations for BSM10 and BSM2.5 were developed.     

An Analogy on Assessment of Urban Air Pollution in Turkey Over the Turn of the Millennium (1992–2001)

Rapid industrialization and urbanization in Turkey, especially over the last twenty five years, has provided better living standards to its residents, but it also caused a decrease in environmental quality. In late 1970's, air quality monitoring activities were started in some major cities by individual researchers in Turkey. It was just around the 1990's that a countrywide program on continuous air pollution monitoring in major province centers and selected large towns was launched. The impact of air pollution on people depend on various factors, such as existence and magnitude of coal powered energy generation plants, type of urban heating and their efficiency, and the numbers and specifications of vehicles. In this study, current Turkish urban air quality over the turn of the Millennium (1992–2001) is studied in the light of the country's worst cities in terms of outdoor air quality, the number of upper respiratory diseases, sinusitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia cases in these provinces reported by the state medical treatment facilities in 2001. The population that is under outdoor urban air pollution hazard was computed. A comparative analysis between the provinces that use natural gas and others that use fossil fuels was also completed in order to project monetary gains if the studied provinces will transform their indoor heating and industrial operations to be run by natural gas or other cleaner energy sources. If natural gas use in air polluted urban centers could be realized in the near future, approximately 212 to 350 million US dollars per annum could to be saved just by reducing health related problems caused by outdoor air pollution.     

Estimation of Land Use Specific Runoff and Pollutant Concentration for Tapi River Basin in India

Non-point source (NPS) pollution is the result of various land use practices such as agriculture, sites of construction and waste disposal, urban development and so on. The control of NPS pollution is possible by regular monitoring and assessment on watershed basis to educate people for implementing well-known structural and non-structural measures. Recent trend is to use GIS based modelling tool for assessment of rainfall-runoff and non-point loading. The approach requires generation and analysis of basin wide data on various features of land and estimates of Event Mean Concentrations (EMCs) of pollutants in the runoff. In the present paper, basin wide data in different districts of Tapi basin has been analysed for land use distribution; fertilizer application; low, medium and high-density habitation; and annual rainfall. Coefficients of runoff have been estimated considering pervious and impervious area for different land use types, and compared with the reported values for Indian conditions. The estimated mean annual runoff flow indicated that two districts Jalgaon and Dhule contribute maximum runoff to the Tapi River. Estimates of EMCs for BOD and nutrients (N and P) in the runoff from various districts are useful in GIS-based modelling study for NPS pollution assessment.     

An Analysis of Secondary Pollutants in Buenos Aires City

Air pollutant concentrations from a monitoring campaign in Buenos Aires City, Argentina, are used to investigate the relationships between ambient levels of ozone (O₃), nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) as a function of NO _x (=NO + NO₂). This campaign undertaken by the electricity sector was aimed at elucidating the apportionment of thermal power plants to air quality deterioration. Concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) and sulphur dioxide (SO₂) were also registered. Photo stationary state (PSS) of the NO, NO₂, O₃ and peroxy radicals species has been analysed. The ‘oxidant’ level concept has been introduced, OX (=O₃ + NO₂), which varies with the level of NO _x . It is shown that this level is made up of NO _x -independent and NO _x -dependent contributions. The former is a regional contribution that equates the background O₃ level, whereas the latter is a local contribution that correlates with the level of primary pollution. Furthermore, the anticorrelation between NO₂ and O₃ levels, which is a characteristic of the atmospheric photo stationary cycle has been verified.The analysis of the concentration of the primary pollutants CO and NO strongly suggests that the vehicle traffic is the principal source of them. Levels of continuous measurements of SO₂ for Buenos Aires City are reported in this work as a complement of previously published results.